Abstract
Focusing on the H2 production for mitigating the negative and dangerous effects and impacts triggered by industrial processes, transport sector and other several scopes around the globe, at different scales, could have a great resonance from different domains, such as environment, economy, global health and social. Since energy is one of the main factors of production, investigating H2 production from thermochemical processes in the light of sustainability could offer a proficient response in terms of sustainability performance. Therefore, the present tends to study the thermochemical processes for the production of hydrogen by focusing on CO2 sorption by different sorbents and on sustainability domains assessment strictly correlated with the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): in particular, the environmental index expressed as a Global Warming Potential (GWP) factor.
Renewable clean energy as a replacement for conventional fossil fuels has garnered a lot of attention recently in order to address the several environmental problems on a worldwide scale and meet the energy needs of modern society. H2 can play a vital role in the transition to a low-carbon economy, particularly in the energy, industry and transport sectors (Ji et al., 2018). The focus of the present research work consists of reporting some mean sets of chemical looping-based research approaches for hydrogen (H2) production aimed at responding to the sustainability goals. To better understanding the goal of this paper is relevant to mention that, as stated by (Ryu and Jin, 2007) hydrogen is the cleanest recyclable fuel that produces only water (H2O) when used as a fuel. Also, hydrogen is not a primary source of energy, since it is an intermediary form or a secondary form of energy. In the hydrogen energy system, it is faced that hydrogen can be produced from non-fossil energy sources and can be used in every application as a valuable substitute of the well-known fossil fuels. Such versatility of hydrogen is able to include it into the European Agenda 2030 targets as an attractive clean energy carrier. Thus, the production of hydrogen is part of the purposes aimed at the development and constant increase of sustainability in order to reach the ambitious net-zero CO2 emissions target by 2050.
Keywords
Hydrogen, Thermochemical Processes, CO2 Sorption, Chemical-Looping, Clean Energy, Sustainability
References
Abanades García, J. C. and Álvarez Rodríguez, D. (2003) Conversion Limits in the Reaction of CO2 with Lime. Antzara, A., Heracleous, E., Bukur, D. B. and Lemonidou, A. A. (2015) Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production via chemical looping steam methane reforming coupled with in situ CO2 capture, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 32: 115-128. Assabumrungrat, S. (2016) Activity and stability performance of multifunctional catalyst (Ni/CaO and Ni/Ca12Al14O33CaO) for bio-hydrogen production from sorption enhanced biogas steam reforming, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(18): 7318-7331. Bae, K., Kim, J. Y., Go, K. S., Nho, N. S., Kim, D., Bae, J. W. and Lee, D. H. (2022) Bubble/micro bubble regime transition in a pressurized bubble column of a low surface tension liquid system, Chemical Engineering Science, 249: 117-191. Bae, K., Kim, J. Y., Go, K. S., Nho, N. S., Kim, D., Bae, J. W. and Lee, D. (2021) Effect of distributor type on microbubble dispersion in a pressurized bubble column, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 174: 188-198. Barker, R. (1973) The reversibility of the reaction CaCO3 CaO+ CO2, Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 23(10): 733-742. Bhat, S. A. and Sadhukhan, J. (2009) Process intensification aspects for steam methane reforming: an overview, AIChE Journal, 55(2): 408-422. Bui, M., Adjiman, C. S., Bardow, A., Anthony, E. J., Boston, A., Brown, S. and Mac Dowell, N. (2018) Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward, Energy & Environmental Science, 11(5): 1062-1176. Chang, A. C., Chang, H. F., Lin, F. J., Lin, K. H. and Chen, C. H. (2011) Biomass gasification for hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(21): 14252-14260. Cheng, L. B., Kim, J. Y., Ebneyamini, A., Li, Z. J., Lim, C. J. and Ellis, N. (2023) Thermodynamic modelling of hydrogen production in sorbent enhanced biochar-direct chemical looping process, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 101(1): 121-136. Clough, P. T., Boot-Handford, M. E., Zhao, M. and Fennell, P. S. (2016) Degradation study of a novel polymorphic sorbent under realistic post combustion conditions, Fuel, 186: 708-713. Clough, P. T., Boot-Handford, M. E., Zheng, L., Zhang, Z. and Fennell, P. S. (2018) Hydrogen production by sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) of biomass in a fluidised-bed reactor using combined multifunctional particles, Materials, 11(5): 859. D’Orazio A., Di Carlo A., Dionisi N., Dell’Era A., Orecchini F. (2013) Toluene steam reforming properties of CaO based synthetic sorbents for biomass gasification process, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 38: 13282–13292. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.075. Dewoolkar, K. D. and Vaidya, P. D. (2016) Tailored hydrotalcite-based hybrid materials for hydrogen production via sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(14): 6094-6106. Di Felice, L., Courson, C., Jand, N., Gallucci, K., Foscolo, P. U. and Kiennemann, A. (2009) Catalytic biomass gasification: Simultaneous hydrocarbons steam reforming and CO2 capture in a fluidised bed reactor, Chemical Engineering Journal, 154(1-3): 375-383. Dietrich, W., Lawrence, P. S., Grünewald, M. and Agar, D. W. (2005) Theoretical studies on multifunctional catalysts with integrated adsorption sites, Chemical Engineering Journal, 107(1-3): 103- 111. Dou, B., Wang, C., Song, Y., Chen, H., Jiang, B., Yang, M. and Xu, Y. (2016) Solid sorbents for in situ CO2 removal during sorption-enhanced steam reforming process: A Review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 536-546. Ebneyamini, A., Li, Z. J., Kim, J. Y., Grace, J. R., Lim, C. J. and Ellis, N. (2021) Effect of calcination temperature and extent on the multi-cycle CO2 carrying capacity of lime-based sorbents, Journal of CO2 Utilization, 49: 101-146. EPA (2022) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Understanding Global Warming Potentials, Environmental Protection Agency, United States. Erans Moreno, M., Manovic, V. and Anthony, E. J. (2016) Calcium looping sorbents for CO2 capture. Fermoso, J., He, L. and Chen, D. (2012) Production of high purity hydrogen by sorption enhanced steam reforming of crude glycerol, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(19): 14047-14054. Florin, N. H. and Harris, A. T. (2007) Hydrogen production from biomass coupled with carbon dioxide capture: the implications of thermodynamic equilibrium, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32(17): 4119-4134. Garcia-Lario, A. L., Grasa, G. S. and Murillo, R. (2015) Performance of a combined CaO-based sorbent and catalyst on H2 production, via sorption enhanced methane steam reforming, Chemical Engineering Journal, 264: 697-705. Gil, M. V., Fermoso, J., Pevida, C., Chen, D. and Rubiera, F. (2016) Production of fuel-cell grade H2 by sorption enhanced steam reforming of acetic acid as a model compound of biomass-derived bio-oil, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 184: 64-76. Gil, M. V., Fermoso, J., Rubiera, F. and Chen, D. (2015) H2 production by sorption enhanced steam reforming of biomass-derived bio-oil in a fluidized bed reactor: An assessment of the effect of operation variables using response surface methodology, Catalysis Today, 242: 19-34. González, B., Blamey, J., Al-Jeboori, M. J., Florin, N. H., Clough, P. T. and Fennell, P. S. (2016) Additive effects of steam addition and HBr doping for CaO-based sorbents for CO2 capture, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 103: 21-26. Grünewald, M. and Agar, D. W. (2004) Enhanced catalyst performance using integrated structured functionalities, Chemical Engineering Science, 59(22-23): 5519-5526. Han, L., Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Yu, C., Fang, M. and Luo, Z. (2011) Hydrogen production via CaO sorption enhanced anaerobic gasification of sawdust in a bubbling fluidized bed, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(8): 4820-4829. Ji, G., Xu, X., Yang, H., Zhao, X., He, X., & Zhao, M. (2017) Enhanced hydrogen production from sawdust decomposition using hybrid-functional Ni CaO-Ca2SiO4 materials, Environmental Science & Technology, 51(19): 11484-11492. Ji, G., Yao, J. G., Clough, P. T., Da Costa, J. C. D., Anthony, E. J., Fennell, P. S. andZhao, M. (2018). Enhanced hydrogen production from thermochemical processes. Energy & Environmental Science, 11(10): 2647-2672. Johnsen, K., Ryu, H. J., Grace, J. R. and Lim, C. J. (2006) Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of methane in a fluidized bed reactor with dolomite as CO2-acceptor, Chemical Engineering Science, 61(4): 1195-1202. Kim, J. Y., Kim, B., Nho, N. S., Go, K. S., Kim, W., Bae, J. W. and Lee, D. H. (2017) Gas holdup and hydrodynamic flow regime transition in bubble columns, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 56: 450-462. Li, B., Yang, H., Wei, L., Shao, J., Wang, X. and Chen, H. (2017) Absorption-enhanced steam gasification of biomass for hydrogen production: Effects of calcium-based absorbents and NiO-based catalysts on corn stalk pyrolysis-gasification, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(9): 5840-5848. Li, Z. S., Cai, N. S., Huang, Y. Y. and Han, H. J. (2005) Synthesis, experimental studies, and analysis of a new calcium-based carbon dioxide absorbent, Energy & Fuels, 19(4): 1447-1452. Lopez Ortiz, A. and Harrison, D. P. (2001) Hydrogen production using sorption-enhanced reaction, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 40(23): 5102-5109. Lugo E. L., Wilhite B. A. (2016) A theoretical comparison of multifunctional catalyst for sorption enhanced reforming process, Chem. Eng. Sci., 150: 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.04.011. Luo, M., Yi, Y., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Du, M., Pan, J. and Wang, Q. (2018) Review of hydrogen production using chemical-looping technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81: 3186-3214. Müller, S., Fuchs, J., Schmid, J. C., Benedikt, F. and Hofbauer, H. (2017) Experimental development of sorption enhanced reforming by the use of an advanced gasification test plant, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(50): 29694-29707. Nahil, M. A., Wang, X., Wu, C., Yang, H., Chen, H. and Williams, P. T. (2013) Novel bi-functional Ni– Mg–Al–CaO catalyst for catalytic gasification of biomass for hydrogen production with in situ CO2 adsorption, Rsc. Advances, 3(16): 5583-5590. Noppakun, N., Wongsakulphasatch, S., Kokoo, R. and Assabumrungrat, S. (2020) Hydrogen production from sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming chemical-looping, In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, 736(4): 042-009. Norouzi, N. (2022) Hydrogen production in the light of sustainability: A comparative study on the hydrogen production technologies using the sustainability index assessment method, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 54(4): 1288-1294. Norskov, J. K. and Christensen, C. H. (2006) Toward efficient hydrogen production at surfaces, Science, 312(5778): 1322-1323. Ozbilen, A., Dincer, I. and Rosen, M. A. (2011) A comparative life cycle analysis of hydrogen production via thermochemical water splitting using a Cu–Cl cycle, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(17): 11321-11327. Pacciani, R., Müller, C. R., Davidson, J. F., Dennis, J. S. and Hayhurst, A. N. (2008) Synthetic Ca-based solid sorbents suitable for capturing CO2 in a fluidized bed, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 86(3): 356-366. Pal, D. B., Chand, R., Upadhyay, S. N. and Mishra, P. K. (2018) Performance of water gas shift reaction catalysts: A Review: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 93: 549-565. Pfeifer, C., Puchner, B. and Hofbauer, H. (2007) In situ CO2 absorption in a dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasifier to produce a hydrogen rich syngas, International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 5: 1. Phromprasit, J., Powell, J., Wongsakulphasatch, S., Kiatkittipong, W., Bumroongsakulsawat, P., Phromprasit, J., Powell, J., Wongsakulphasatch, S., Kiatkittipong, W., Bumroongsakulsawat, P. and Assabumrungrat, S. (2017) H2 production from sorption enhanced steam reforming of biogas using multifunctional catalysts of Ni over Zr-, Ce-and La modified CaO sorbents, Chemical Engineering Journal, 313: 1415-1425. Quan, C., Wang, M., Gao, N., Yang, T. and Li, R. (2023) In situ adsorption of CO2 to enhance biomass gasification for hydrogen production using Ca/Ni based composites, Journal of the Energy Institute, pp: 101-229. Reijers, H. T. J., Valster-Schiermeier, S. E., Cobden, P. D. and Van Den Brink, R. W. (2006) Hydrotalcite as CO2 sorbent for sorption-enhanced steam reforming of methane, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45(8): 2522-2530. Rout, K. R. and Jakobsen, H. A. (2012) Reactor performance optimization by the use of a novel combined pellet reflecting both catalyst and adsorbent properties, Fuel Processing Technology, 99: 13-34. Rout, K. R. and Jakobsen, H. A. (2013) A numerical study of pellets having both catalytic-and capture properties for SE-SMR process: Kinetic-and product layer diffusion controlled regimes, Fuel Processing Technology, 106: 231-246. Rout, K. R., Solsvik, J., Nayak, A. K. and Jakobsen, H. A. (2011) A numerical study of multicomponent mass diffusion and convection in porous pellets for the sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming and desorption processes, Chemical Engineering Science, 66(18): 4111-4126. Ryu, H. J. and Jin, G. T. (2007) Chemical-looping hydrogen generation system: performance estimation and process selection, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24: 527-531. Satrio, J. A., Shanks, B. H. and Wheelock, T. D. (2007) A combined catalyst and sorbent for enhancing hydrogen production from coal or biomass, Energy & Fuels, 21(1): 322-326. Sisinni, M., Di Carlo, A., Bocci, E., Micangeli, A. and Naso, V. (2013) Hydrogen-rich gas production by sorption enhanced steam reforming of wood gas containing tar over a commercial Ni catalyst and calcined dolomite as CO2 sorbent, Energies, 6(7): 3167-3181. Solsvik, J. and Jakobsen, H. A. (2011) A numerical study of a two property catalyst/sorbent pellet design for the sorption-enhanced steam–methane reforming process: Modeling complexity and parameter sensitivity study, Chemical Engineering Journal, 178: 407-422. Soltani, R., Rosen, M. A. and Dincer, I. (2014) Assessment of CO2 capture options from various points in steam methane reforming for hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(35): 20266-20275. Spragg, J., Mahmud, T. and Dupont, V. (2018) Hydrogen production from bio-oil: a thermodynamic analysis of sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(49): 22032-22045. Tanksale, A., Beltramini, J. N. and Lu, G. M. (2010) A review of catalytic hydrogen production processes from biomass, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1): 166-182. Teixeira, P., Bacariza, C., Correia, P., Pinheiro, C. I. and Cabrita, I. (2022) Hydrogen Production with In Situ CO2 Capture at High and Medium Temperatures Using Solid Sorbents, Energies, 15(11) 4039. Voldsund, M., Jordal, K. and Anantharaman, R. (2016) Hydrogen production with CO2 capture, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(9): 4969-4992. Wang, L., Weller, C. L., Jones, D. D. and Hanna, M. A. (2008) Contemporary issues in thermal gasification of biomass and its application to electricity and fuel production, Biomass and Bioenergy, 32(7): 573-581. Wang, Z., Fan, W., Zhang, G. and Dong, S. (2016) Energy analysis of methane cracking thermally coupled with chemical looping combustion for hydrogen production, Applied Energy, 168: 1-12. Xiao, Y., Xu, S., Song, Y., Shan, Y., Wang, C. and Wang, G. (2017) Biomass steam gasification for hydrogen-rich gas production in a decoupled dual loop gasification system, Fuel Processing Technology, 165: 54-61. Yan, F., Luo, S. Y., Hu, Z. Q., Xiao, B. and Cheng, G. (2010) Hydrogen-rich gas production by steam gasification of char from biomass fast pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor: Influence of temperature and steam on hydrogen yield and syngas composition, Bioresource Technology, 101(14): 5633-5637. Zamboni, I., Courson, C., Niznansky, D. and Kiennemann, A. (2014) Simultaneous catalytic H2 production and CO2 capture in steam reforming of toluene as tar model compound from biomass gasification, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 145: 63-72. Zhao, C., Zhou, Z., Cheng, Z. and Fang, X. (2016) Sol-gel-derived, CaZrO3-stabilized Ni/ CaO CaZrO3 bi functional catalyst for sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 196: 16-26. Zhao, M., Shi, J., Zhong, X., Tian, S., Blamey, J., Jiang, J. and Fennell, P. S. (2014) A novel calcium looping absorbent incorporated with polymorphic spacers for hydrogen production and CO2 capture, Energy & Environmental Science, 7(10): 3291- 3295.