Role of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) in enhancing Fish health and performance: A brief review

Abstract

Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), a member of the Apiaceae family, contains high levels of thymol, carvacrol, terpinene, phlandrene, and other oxygenated monoterpenes responsible for its pharmacological properties. Seed extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. Ajwain demonstrates strong antioxidant potential associated with carotenoids and flavonoids, and its essential oil exerts broad-spectrum fungitoxicity against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. The plant also shows anthelmintic activity through ATPase interference and stimulation of gut peristalsis. In aquaculture, supplementation of ajwain extract (1–2%) significantly improves rainbow trout growth indices (SGR, FCR, BWI), lysozyme activity, and survival rate. Additional studies show enhanced feed utilization and immunity in Nile tilapia and broilers. These findings support the use of ajwain as a natural growth promoter, immunostimulant, and antimicrobial agent in animal production systems.