International Journal of Agricultural Invention
Welcome to all Researchers / Contributors / Authors greetings from the Editorial Board of International Journal of Agricultural Invention (IJAI). The Journal is devoted to basic and applied aspects of agricultural and life science. The journal welcomes original research/ review papers in these areas. The articles can be published as full research paper or as short communication. The editorial board may invite important short reviews from eminent scientist/delegates/research scholar’s working in the respective fields. Authors may note that the articles submitted to the International Journal of Agricultural Invention are not submitted simultaneously to any other journal for publication. All research papers and review articles submitted for publications will be reviewed by referees with complete postal address, who can be approached to review the paper. However, final decision will rest with the editorial board. The Editorial Board of the Journal facilitates publication improvements by providing authors suggestions in the areas of standard methodologies, statistical significance, study period, and utilitarian value.
Agricultural Technology Development Society
Physio-chemical traits of Kinnow squash blended with Beetroot and Carrot
An experiment entitled “Physico-chemical traits of Kinnow squash blended with beetroot and carrot” was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, FOAG, Tantia University, Sriganganagar (Rajasthan) during the month of January - April, 2025. The experiment consisted of different treatments comprising of different blending proportions of Kinnow juice with beetroot and carrot juice having 25 percent juice, 45 percent TSS and 1 percent acidity with addition of spices mix containing black salt (10g), black pepper (5g), Cardamom powder (5 g) per liter of squash. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD). Among different combinations, blending Kinnow juice with carrot juice in 75:25 ratio (T4) was found superior with respect to sugars content (total sugars 45.01, Reducing sugars 6.28, Non-reducing sugars 30.15). While from the point of view of TSS (48.62) content, squash prepared by blending Kinnow and beetroot juice in 50: 50 ratio (T3) was found superior. Whereas, Acidity (0.98) found highest in Kinnow and beetroot juice in 75: 25 ratio (T2) and pH (5.04) were highest in Kinnow and carrot juice in 50: 50 ratios (T5). During 4 months storage of squash, a gradual decrease was observed in acidity, while an increase was observed in TSS, sugars and pH.
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Effect of vermicompost and fly ash on vegetative growth parameters of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuous)
An experiment entitled “Effect of vermicompost and fly ash on vegetative growth parameters of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)” conducted during April to October 2024, at the Agriculture Research Farm (ARC-2) FOAG, Tantia University, Srigangangar, Rajasthan. The experiment was carried out in Randomized block design with three replication and 7 treatments as T1 100% vermicompost, T2 100% fly ash, T3 50% vermicompost + 50% fly ash, T4 25% vermicompost + 75% fly ash, T5 75% vermicompost + 25%fly ash, T6 RDF, T7 control. The result of experiment indicated that vegetative growth of lemongrass like plant height at 60 DAT (81.00cm) found in T5 highest and minimum (54.00cm) in T7, highest plant height at 120 DAT (120.67cm) in T5 and lowest (87.00) in T7, maximum plant spread (51cm2 ) in T5 and lowest (29.67cm2 ) in T7, maximum no. of leaves/ plant at 60 DAT (45.67) in T5 and lowest (14) in T7, maximum no. of leaves/ plant at 120 DAT (128.67) and minimum (77.33) in T7, maximum no. of tillers/ plant (33.67) in T5 and minimum (12.00) in T7, maximum leaf length at 60 DAT (75cm), minimum in T7 (48.67cm), maximum leaf length at 120 DAT (134.00cm) in T5 and minimum (92.00cm) in T7. So according to all findings T5 is best option for organic lemongrass production.
Effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
A field experiment was performed during 2024-2025 to find out the effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of brinjal. The results revealed that maximum plant height at 60 DAT and 90 DAT (32.01 cm and 48.50 cm, respectively), number of leaves per plant at 60 DAT and 90 DAT (19.81 and 36.28, respectively), number of branches per plant at final harvest (12.87) and minimum days taken to flower initiation (61.65) was obtained with application of 100 percent RDN through vermicompost, Jeevamrit 500 litre ha1 and Panchagavya 10 percent. Among yield parameters, maximum yield per plant (0.68 kg) and yield per plot (16.28 kg) were also obtained with application of 100 percent RDN through vermicompost, Jeevamrit 500 litre ha-1 and Panchagavya 10 percent.
Effect of nitrogen levels on growth and yield of different varieties of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
A field experiment entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels on growth and yield of different varieties of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)” was conducted at School of Agricultural Sciences, JRNRVU, Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan during the Rabi season 2023-24. The experiment consisted of three varieties (RVSAF-18-1, JSF-99, JSF-97) and four nitrogen levels (0, 30, 45, and 60 kg ha⁻¹). The 12 treatment combinations were evaluated under a randomized block design with 3 replications. The results revealed that the highest yield of 2451 kg.ha-1 was obtained with variety RVSAF-18-1 which was significantly higher over variety JSF-97 and JSF-99 by 28.3 and 173.5 per cent, respectively. Similar trends were observed with respect to stover and biological yield. The highest oil content and yield net return (₹ 116168/-) and B-C (4.3) was also noticed in variety RVSAF-18-1. The highest yield of 2074 kg.ha-1 was obtained with the application of 60 kg N ha-1 which was significantly higher over control and 30 kg N ha-1 by 69.8 and 23.6 per cent, respectively but was at par with 45 kg N ha-1 (2038 kg.ha-1) Similar were the trendsobserved with respect to stover and biological yield. Application of 60 kg N ha-1 also registered maximum oil content (33.4%), oil yield (722.5% kg.ha-1), net return (₹ 92486 ha-1) and B-C (3.61) which were at par with 45 kg N ha-1.
Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and productivity of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth and Productivity of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)” was conducted during Kharif season of 2024 at the School of Agricultural Sciences, Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The experiment was conducted on clay loam soil, which was low in available N, medium in P2O5 and high in K2O. The experiment was consisted of twelve treatment combinations. Nitrogen levels (control, 20, 40 and 60 kg N ha-1) and Phosphorus levels (control, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) and these were replicated three times in Factorial Randomized Block Design. The results revealed that application of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly influenced growth parameters such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of tillers and leaf area. Yield attributes including number of effective tillers, panicle length, grain weight per panicle, and test weight were also significantly improved with increasing nutrient levels. The highest grain (1931 kg ha-1), straw (2745 kg ha-1), biological yield (4677 kg ha-1) and net return (₹71647 ha⁻¹) were obtained with 60 kg N ha⁻¹, while 40 kg Pha⁻¹ recorded the highest grain yield (1897 kg ha⁻¹) and net return (₹69015 ha⁻¹). Economic analysis indicated a progressive increase in benefit-cost ratio with higher nitrogen and phosphorus doses.
Effect of Conjoint application of phosphorus and Nano DAP on growth and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.)
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Conjoint application of phosphorus and Nano DAP on growth and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.)”was conducted during Kharif, 2024 at Instructional Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan to find out the effect of nano DAP on growth and yield of black gram, to explore whether application of nano DAP can fulfill the recommended dose of phosphorus and to work out an economically viable treatment. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments including viz.T1 (control), T2 (100% RDP), T3 (50% RDP), T4 (75% RDP), T5 (50% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray), T6 (50% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray) and T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) which were evaluated under randomized block design with 3 replications. Black gram variety PU 31 was used as test crop. The results revealed that maximum values of growth attributes viz., dry matter accumulation at 30 DAS was recorded with T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray) and T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) but at 60 DAS and at harvest it was recorded with T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) and T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray), while maximum values of CGR between 30-60 DAS was recorded with T2 (100% RDP) and between 60 DAS to harvest it was recorded highest with T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray). Treatment T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4 ml l-1 two sprays) recorded significantly higher grain (588 kg ha-1 ), haulm (1625 kg ha-1 ) and biological (2213 kg ha-1 ) over control and T4 (75 % RDP) but at par with T2 (100% RDP). However, T2 (100% RDP) fetched highest net return (₹31048 ha-1 ) and highest B-C ratio (0.89), which significantly superior over T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4 ml l-1 two spray).
Overview impact of high-pressure processing and plasma technology on Dairy products
The safety of food products and uncertain about food production practices specialty in the case of dairy products has increased the concern of consumers. Milk is considered as nutritious food product with short life due to spoilage bacteria present in it. This has increased the demand for milk processing to ensure safety. Although many enzymes and microorganisms are effectively rendered inactive by thermal processing techniques to the desired degree, this can harm natural taste of dairy foods and nutritional content. Alternative non-thermal methods have gained attention as a fascinating approach to producing secure, healthy dairy products without compromising their nutritional value. These techniques can deactivate milk microbes without degrading the nutritive quality of dairy products. The present study gives an overview of High-Pressure Processing and Plasma Technology that extend the shelf life with preserving the nutritional quality of dairy products. The present study may be helpful to prospective processors in assessing the successful commercialization of non-thermal processed milk and milk products.
Influence of profile characteristics on performance appraisal of Agricultural input dealers
The research study was conducted in Pune district of Maharashtra state during the year 2024-25 with an objective to study influence of the profile characteristics on performance appraisal of agricultural input dealers trained under Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI) programme. Pune district was selected based on highest number of DAESI-trained input dealers and Nodal Training Institutes. All eight institutes from Pune district were studied, with 15 respondents from each institute selected through simple random sampling, totalling 120 respondents. An ex-post facto research design was used for research. The data was collected using a structured interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that the independent variables viz. annual income, mass media exposure, extension participation, achievement motivation, management orientation, scientific orientation and risk orientation had positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of significance whereas education and extension contact had positive and significant relationship at five per cent level of significance. While, age had positive and non-significant relationship with performance appraisal of agricultural input dealers.
Influence of silicon on growth parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
The present investigation entitled “Influence of silicon on growth parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)” was conducted on Horticulture Farm, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The thirteen treatments combination for pea crop was evaluated with four replications under randomized block design. The results exhibit the significant effect of various treatment combinations on growth parameters of pea during the experimentation. Maximum plant height at 60 DAS (52.80 cm) and at final harvest (89.90 cm), pod length (8.54 cm), number of pods plant-1 (27.05), number of grains pod-1 (8.80) were obtained in treatment T12 (Soil application of Silica @ 200 kg ha-1+ Foliar application of Silica @ 3%).
Heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression for yield and agronomic traits in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.) across two environments
The four genetically diverse parental lines were crossed with well-adapted released varieties to generate promising hybrids. The results demonstrated significant variability in heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression across different crosses and two environments (E1 and E2). In PR 36 × Rohini, seed yield per plant exhibited negative heterobeltiosis (-12.37% in E1 and -16.55% in E2), suggesting hybrid weakness. However, traits like siliquae per plant (19.51%) and number of seeds per siliqua (4.65%) showed positive heterobeltiosis, indicating genetic potential for selection. Inbreeding depression was notably high for plant height (4.10%) and seed yield (19.77%) in E2, suggesting genetic instability. In PRE 11 × CS 60, moderate to high heterobeltiosis was observed for the number of secondary branches per plant (10.52%) and siliquae per plant (29.37%) in E2. However, seed yield per plant (-16.29%) exhibited negative heterobeltiosis, and inbreeding depression was significantly high (-28.61%) in E1, indicating a strong impact of selfing on yield- related traits. PRE 15 × CS 58 exhibited high heterobeltiosis in siliqua length (36.36%) and seeds per siliqua (9.30%), indicating a high genetic potential for selection. However, seed yield per plant showed negative heterobeltiosis (-8.87% in E1, -1.07% in E2), and inbreeding depression was notable for seed yield (12.94%) and plant height (5.72%), emphasizing the need for hybrid stabilization. PRL 26 × Giriraj showed negative heterobeltiosis in days to flowering and plant height, but positive heterosis for siliquae per plant (3.59%) and seed yield per plant (6.18%) in E2. The highest inbreeding depression was observed for seed yield (-35.18%) in E1, indicating genetic susceptibility to selfing.
Constraints faced by Agricultural input dealers trained under Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI) programme
The present study was carried out in Pune district of Maharashtra state in the year 2024-25. This district was selected because it has the maximum number of Nodal Training Institute and DAESI trained agricultural input dealers. There are 8 Nodal Training institute in Pune district which provide DAESI training. So, all 8 Nodal Training Institutes were selected for study and from each Nodal Training Institute 15 input dealers were selected by using simple random sampling method thus the total sample comprised of 120 respondents. An ex-post facto research design was used for research. A structured interview schedule was used to gather the required data. The findings revealed that major constraints reported by the agricultural input dealers were course curriculum of DAESI not include latest technology in agriculture such as drone, AI, etc., limited number of field visits are organized to various institutions and less no of skill based practical sessions. Important suggestions made by the agricultural input dealers were number of field visits should be increased, course curriculum of DAESI should be updated with latest technology in agriculture such as drone, AI, etc., refresher training should be provided to DAESI input dealers and skill based practical sessions should be increased..
To study the susceptibility of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) at different growth stages of leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissler
The present investigation was carried out at the Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan during Rabi 2024-2025 “To study the susceptibility of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) at different stages of leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. The pathogen was isolated from diseased leaves and identified based on morphological characteristics, further confirmed by the Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), New Delhi. Pathogenicity tests on susceptible cultivar ‘RAV-100’ reproduced typical symptoms, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. A pot experiment involving five plant age groups (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days) revealed that disease severity, expressed as Percent Disease Index (PDI), increased with plant age. Minimum disease was recorded in 10-day-old plants (PDI 6.2%, resistant), while the highest was observed in 50-day-old plants (PDI 97.8%, highly susceptible). The critical infection stage was identified from 30 days onwards, indicating the need for timely application of control measures before this stage to reduce disease impact and protect crop yield and quality.
The variation in arrivals and prices of Chickpea during period of study in Sehore regulated market in Madhya Pradesh
This study was conducted to determine the relationship between market arrivals and prices of nChickpea secondary data was used in this study. The required data were collected and analyzed to fulfill the objectives of the proposed study. The secondary data were collected from Sehore regulated market (Krishi Upaj Mandi) Sehore and from Agriculture Statistics of M.P. published by Director of Agriculture (M.P.) Bhopal for period of 15 years from 2002-03 to 2016-17. The data were related to market arrivals and market prices of chickpea. The performance of arrivals of chickpea and their respective market price in Sehore regulated market of Madhya Pradesh during different periods of study. The study confined to annual and monthly arrivals, prices, coefficient of variance and percentage change (absolute and relative) in arrivals and prices over the base year at different times. It can be said that the variation in market arrivals and prices of chickpea has been analyzed from the collected data from 2002-03 to 2016-17. The data depicted regarding relative change that the arrival of chickpea in the year 2003-04 showed to lower than base year (2002-03) and found to 96.39 percent of base year followed by the arrival of chickpea in the year 2004-05 shown to lower than base year (2003-04) and found to 84.58 percent of base year. the arrival of chickpea in the year 2014-15 shown to lower than base year (2013-14) and found to 56.04 percent of base year, the arrival of chickpea in the year 2015-16 shown to higher than base year (2014-15) and found to 148.47 percent of base year and the arrival of chickpea in the year 2016-17 shown to lower than base year (2015-16) and found to 41.27 percent of base year respectively. The regulated market is largest in providing ancillary infrastructural facilities and succeeded in increasing their arrivals and economic efficiency but with high instability (variability). There is still lot of scope for better performance of regulated markets provided more ancillary infrastructural facilities are created in the yards and some important market specific constraint faced by farmers, traders and management of regulated markets are removal.
Mycelial growth performance of Lepista species on various culture media
The genus Lepista encompasses edible and medicinal mushrooms of significant economic and pharmacological value, necessitating efficient cultivation protocols. A critical first step in their domestication is the optimization of In vitro mycelial growth, which is highly influenced by the nutrient composition of the culture medium. This study evaluated the effect of four different media Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Corn Meal Agar (CMA), and Carrot Dextrose Agar (CDA) on the mycelial growth of Lepista spp. under controlled conditions. The results demonstrated a highly significant effect of culture medium on radial mycelial growth. PDA proved superior, yielding the highest mean colony diameter (77.20 mm), accompanied by dense, uniform mycelial expansion. CMA supported robust growth (65.40 mm), while CDA facilitated moderate development (53.80 mm). In contrast, MEA was markedly inferior, resulting in severely restricted growth (20.60 mm), indicating its inadequacy for the metabolic requirements of Lepista spp.
Effect of CPPU and salicylic acid on vegetative parameters of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali
The present investigation entitled “Effect of CPPU and Salicylic Acid on Fruit Retention, Fruit Quality and yield of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali” was carried out at Agriculture Research Station, Banswara, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur during November, 2024 to May, 2025. The twelve treatment combinations of CPPU and salicylic acid were evaluated with three replications under randomized block design (RBD). The results exhibited significant effect of various treatment combinations on vegetative, yield and quality parameters of mango cv. Amrapali during investigation. Among the treatment combinations, T12 – (CPPU 20 ppm + Salicylic Acid 200 ppm) was recorded with Maximum shoot length at initial stage (14.21 cm) and shoot length at pea stage (16.48 cm), panicle length (33.82 cm) and width (17.65 cm), intensity of flowering (76.11%), fruit set (1.21%), number of fruit set panicle-1 (21.66), minimum fruit drop (83.56%), highest fruit retention (16.44%) compared to all other treatment during investigation.
Calibration and validation of the SWAT model for the Vartu River basin, Gujarat
The SWAT software system has been constructed to manage the input and output data for the SWAT simulations, and the execution of the model for each scenario. An overview of the modeling structure that has been developed for the basin is presented, including the spatial representation of the region within SWAT. Initial results for the baseline simulation are also presented for monthly stream flows near the outlet of the basin, and for annual stream flows for the basin. Overall, the model demonstrated good performance in capturing the patterns and trend of the observed flow series, which confirmed the appropriateness of the model for future scenario simulation. Therefore, SWAT model can be taken as a potential tool for simulation of the hydrology of watershed which behaves hydro-meteorologically similar with Vartu basin. Future studies on Vartu watershed modeling should address the issues related to water quality and evaluate best management practices.
Effect of integrated bioformulations and canopy management practices on reproductive and quality of Pomegranate
A field experiment entitled Effect of integrated bioformulations and canopy management practices on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa was conducted at the Instructional Farm (Horticulture), Career Point University, Kota during 2024-2025. Among the different training systems studied, three stem training system (S2) recorded maximum number of flowers per plant, minimum days to flowers initiation, earliest maturity, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, rind weight, rind thickness, rag weight, number of arils/ fruit, number of arils/ 100, 100 arils weight, total aril weight (g) and 100 seeds weight. Regarding the bioformulation treatments, B8 [Amrithpani (4%) + Panchagavya (5%) + Jeevamruth (6%) + P. fluorescens (25 g/ plant)] exhibited maximum number of flowers per plant, minimum days to flowers initiation, earliest maturity, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, rind weight, rind thickness, rag weight, number of arils/ fruit, number of arils/ 100, 100 arils weight, total aril weight (g) and 100 seeds weight.
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on nutrient content and uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.)
A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2024 at the Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, to evaluate the Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nitrogen on Nutrient Content and Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment followed a factorial randomized block design with 18 treatment combinations involving three nitrogen levels (50% RDN, 75% RDN, 100% RDN), three organic sources (Control, VC at 5 t ha⁻¹ and FYM at 2 t ha⁻¹) and two nano urea levels (control and NUS at 30 and 45 DAS). Results revealed that the combined application of 100% RDN + vermicompost 5 t ha⁻¹ + NUS significantly enhanced nitrogen; phosphorus and potassium content in seed and improved their uptake in both seed and stover. The treatment also recorded the highest total N, P and K uptake by grain and stover.
Impact of long-term fertilization on soil fertility dynamics and Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield
Long-term fertilization strategies significantly influence soil fertility and crop productivity especially in rice-based systems. This study was conducted during the 2024 growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Department of Agronomy, Dera Ismail Khan to evaluate the effects of different long-term fertilization regimes effecting nutrient turnover in soil and growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield. The experiment comprised five treatments: control (no fertilizer), recommended NPK, integrated applications of NPK and farmyard manure (FYM), FYM alone and compost. Results revealed that the integrated application of 50% NPK + 50% FYM significantly improved soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content and rice grain yield compared to other treatments. Sole chemical fertilization enhanced short-term nutrient availability but led to soil acidification and reduced microbial activity over time. The findings advocate for integrated nutrient management to sustain soil health and optimize rice productivity under semiarid agro-climatic conditions.
Constraints faced by students undergoing Agriculture polytechnic programme
The present study was conducted under the jurisdiction of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri University as all Agriculture polytechnics in Maharashtra are under this university. There are total thirteen Agriculture polytechnic under Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri University. All thirteen Agriculture polytechnics were selected for the study. From each Agriculture Polytechnic ten students were selected. Thus, total 130 respondent students were selected for the study. The design used for the study was Expost facto research design. The data was collected by personal interview of Agriculture polytechnic students using interview schedule which was pre-tested. The collected data then analyzed by using statistical tools such as frequency and percentage. The major constraints faced by agriculture polytechnic students were structured career counselling is not available followed by the constraint, syllabus is very tough, there are too many courses per semester, proper library facilities are not available, National Cadet Corps (NCC) programme is not available, computer lab facilities are not proper, hostel facilities are very poor, guest lectures are not available, educational tours are very less, medical facilities are not available. The suggestions given by Agriculture polytechnic students were structured career counselling should be made available, courses should be more of fundamental type in first year, number of courses should be decreased per semester, library facility should be improved, NCC (National Cadet Corps) programme should be made available, computer lab facilities should be improved, hostel facilities should be better, guest lectures should be conducted occasionally, educational tours should be more, medical facilities should be made available.
Study of character association analysis in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Analysis of data on 10 characters on 61 wheat genotypes. The characters days to maturity, Number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and 1000 grain weight showed significant and positive association with grain yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50% flowering, no. of tillers per plant, days to maturity and 1000 grain weight per ear were the important yield contributing characters. Other characters have indirect influence on yield through rest correlated characters. Correlation coefficient which provides the nature and degree of association of various pairs of characters is considered useful for making effective selection that practiced for the improvement of yield. Path coefficient indicates the relative importance of each component (Write, 1921, Dewey and Lul, 1959, Tyagi et al., 1988). Path coefficient analysis is an efficient statistical technique specially designed to quantify the inter relationship of different components and their direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Through this technique yield contributing characters can be ranked and specific traits producing a given correlation can be considered accordingly (Rao et al., 1991).
Constraints faced by Sub-urban Vegetable growers
The present study was carried out in Pune district, located in the state of Maharashtra. This district was chosen due to its high levels of urbanization, industrial development and rapid population growth. Haveli tahsil was selected for the study on the basis of level of urbanization. Within Haveli, twelve villages were chosen. From each village, ten vegetable growers were selected using a simple random sampling method, resulting in a total sample size of 120 respondents. An ex-post facto research design was used for research. An interview schedule was prepared to gather the required information. The collected data was analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques. Study inferred that the major constraints expressed by suburban vegetable grower were, price fluctuations in markets (Rank I), lack of cold storage facilities (Rank II), weed proliferation (Rank III), decline in soil fertility (Rank IV),damage to vegetable crop due to insect, pest and disease attacks (Rank V), High costs of fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and bactericides (Rank VI), drip irrigation system requires frequent replacement (Rank VII), Land holdings are decreasing (Rank VIII), risk of leopard attacks (Rank IX) and use of polluted water for irrigation purposes causes skin diseases (Rank X). The major suggestions given by sub-urban vegetable growers were, cold storage facility should be made available (Rank I), growing multiple crops (Rank II), regularly flush the laterals and mainlines (Rank III), adoption of drip and sprinkler irrigation to reduce water wastage (Rank IV), collective marketing through FPOs (Rank V), filtration units at water inlets should be installed Rank (VI), use of organic compost and green manures (Rank VII) and leopard cages should be installed (Rank VIII). The findings of the study have several important implications for improving the livelihoods of sub-urban vegetable growers. Strengthening extension services through hands-on training can enhance farmer’s decision-making ability. Addressing soil health concerns through sustainable techniques like crop rotation and the use of organic inputs is essential to restore fertility and build resilience. Market price fluctuations can be managed more effectively by promoting the use of mobile apps for real-time price tracking. High fertilizer costs and declining soil quality highlight the need for regular soil testing and awareness programs on soil health management. Moreover, integrated pest and weed management practices, including the use of insect-proof nets, sticky traps and cultural methods like intercropping, can reduce crop damage and input dependency, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and profitable vegetable farming.
Effect of nitrogen and zinc management on nutrient content of Maize (Zea mays L.)
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2024 at the Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan to evaluate to the effect of nitrogen and zinc management on nutrient content in maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment followed a factorial randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations involving three of nitrogen management levels (100 % RDN through urea, 50% RDN through urea + two foliar spray of nano urea and 33.3% RDN through urea + two foliar spray of nano urea) and four of zinc management levels (Control, soilapplication at 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 and foliar spray of 0.5 % nano zinc). The results revealed that the combined application of 100 % RDN through urea + soil application at 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 significantly enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc content in grain as well as stover.
Assessment of genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L)
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is one of the most important oilseed crops of India. Thirty three diverse genotypes of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L) Czern & Coss] were evaluated for twelve quantitative traits. Both phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were higher for important traits. In order to incorporate desirable characters to maximize economic yields, the information on the nature and extent of genetic variability present in a population for desirable characters, their association and relative contribution to yield constitutes the basic requirement. The present study was under taken to find out the genetic variability available, heritability and genetic advance, the association of different characters and their contribution to define seed yield.
First report of Uromyces setariae causing rust on Alternanthera bettzickiana in India
In December 2023, leaves of the A. bettzickian (Regel) G. Nicholson with typical symptoms of rust were collected in the college campus of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Pandharpur, (Autonomous), Solapur, Maharashtra, India. Based on its morphological characters, the pathogen was identified as Uromyces setarie Yoshino. This is the first report of rust on an A. bettzickian in India.
Clinical management of bovine actinomycosis in a Holstein Friesian cow: A case study
Actinomycosis in cattle is an infectious and chronic disease. Its etiology is Actinomyces bovis bacteria. This disease is also known as "lumpy jaw" due to characteristic granulomatous swelling in jaw of affected cow. It primarily affects the mandible, maxilla, and other bony tissues in the head, leading to localized, progressive abscesses and osteomyelitis. Horse, swine, and occasionally sheep, goats, and humans may be affected by this disease. The disease is sporadically seen in cattle above the age of 4 years. This disease has been reported from various parts of the India. The incidence of Actinomycosis in cattle is higher where animals are fed with straw, coarse feeds, sticks, thorns, or wire etc. These feeds injure the buccal mucosa and there by predisposing the cow to infection. The disease causes substantial economic loss to dairy farmers. Its successful treatment in cattle can be done by parenteral administration of Penicillin in combination with Streptomycin and oral administration of Potassium Iodide.
Impact of biofertilizers and organic manure on the economic parameters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum Mill.) cv. Kashi Vishesh
The present investigation “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and seed yield on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum Mill.) cv. Kashi Aman” was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Gochar Mahavidhyalaya, Rampur Maniharan, Saharanpur affiliated by CCSU, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh in 2018-19. During the study period various treatments were given to accelerate the growth and vegetative parameters of the selected species for the enhancement of economical parameter. The economic parameters shown the positive correlation with the given treatment and it was observed that the T9 treatment was the best treatment to gain more output of the selected crop.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) under high density planting
A field investigation was conducted at Horticulture farm, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur during June, 2024 to January, 2025. The eighteen treatment combinations of FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure and neem cake were evaluated with three replications under randomized block design. The results exhibited significant effect of various treatment combinations on growth and yield parameters of guava during investigation. Among the treatment combinations, T6 - 25 % RDN by Urea+ 50 % RDN by FYM + 25 RDN by Poultry Manure was recorded growth parameters, yield attributing characters viz., tree height (4.53 m), trunk diameter (71.88 cm), plant spread (4.09 m) (EW) and (3.33 m) (N-S), canopy volume (8.10 m3), number of fruit per tree (160), fruit weight (202.50 g), fruit yield par tree (32.44 kg) etc. compared to all other treatment during investigation.
Study the comparative effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield, quality and economics in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cv. Nantes
The Present experiment entitled Study the comparative effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield, quality and economics in carrot (Daucus carota L.) cv. Nantes was conducted during the winter seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Horticultural Research Farm, C.C.R. (P.G.) College, Muzaffarnagar, C.C.S. University, Meerut (U.P.), to study the comparative effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on quality, yield and economics of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cv. Nantes. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications, including combinations of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), farmyard manure (FYM), and vermicompost (VC). Result revealed that the application of 80% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t/ha Treatment (T6) significantly outperformed in terms of root length (20.87 and 22.21 cm), root girth (2.61 and 3.16 cm), total soluble solid (6.45 and 7.00º Brix), harvest index (60.34 and 61.57%), and benefit cost ratio (2.10 and 2.13) during 2022-23 and 2023-24 respectively. Whereas maximum nitrogen content (1.91 and 1.95 %), was recorded in T8 and maximum phosphorus and potassium content (1.10 and 0.86 %), (0.74 and 2.10 %) was recorded in T2. The enhanced performance under T6 is attributed to the synergistic effects of chemical and organic nutrient sources, improved nutrient availability, and enhanced soil health and microbial activity.
Study on Kusmi lac production in Central Narmada valley, Madhya Pradesh
The present study evaluates the seasonal performance of Kusmi lac (Kerria lacca) cultivated on Schleichera oleosa in the Central Narmada Valley agro-climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh, India. Data were collected during the 2019–2020 cropping seasons from seven villages in the Narmadapuram district, involving 70 lac-growing farmers. Two seasonal crops, Aghani (winter) and Jethwi (summer) were compared based on lac yield per tree, yield per foot lac stick, fresh and dry weight of 100 lac cells. Results showed no statistically significant difference in lac yield per tree or per foot stick between the two seasons, with the Jethwi crop marginally outperforming Aghani in both parameters. However, the Jethwi crop exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry biomass per 100 lac cells, indicating enhanced resin deposition during the summer season. This suggests that while total yield may not vary significantly, qualitative aspects such as resin density and cell biomass are superior in the Jethwi crop. These findings highlight the adaptability and year-round potential of Kusmi lac cultivation on S. oleosa, offering insights for optimizing lac production under central Indian conditions.