International Journal of Agricultural Invention
Welcome to all Researchers / Contributors / Authors greetings from the Editorial Board of International Journal of Agricultural Invention (IJAI). The Journal is devoted to basic and applied aspects of agricultural and life science. The journal welcomes original research/ review papers in these areas. The articles can be published as full research paper or as short communication. The editorial board may invite important short reviews from eminent scientist/delegates/research scholar’s working in the respective fields. Authors may note that the articles submitted to the International Journal of Agricultural Invention are not submitted simultaneously to any other journal for publication. All research papers and review articles submitted for publications will be reviewed by referees with complete postal address, who can be approached to review the paper. However, final decision will rest with the editorial board. The Editorial Board of the Journal facilitates publication improvements by providing authors suggestions in the areas of standard methodologies, statistical significance, study period, and utilitarian value.
Agricultural Technology Development Society
Stem cell-based cancer therapy: A precision oncology paradigm
Stem cell-based approaches have emerged as a promising direction in cancer therapy by combining targeted treatment strategies with regenerative potential. Conventional cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, often lack specificity and may result in significant toxicity, treatment resistance, and disease recurrence. In contrast, stem cells offer unique advantages such as self-renewal, differentiation capacity, and tumortargeting ability, enabling both direct therapeutic applications and support for tissue repair and immune recovery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of stem cell biology and its relevance to cancer therapy, including key applications such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and mesenchymal stem cell-mediated drug delivery. It also examines the dual role of stem cells in cancer, highlighting both their therapeutic potential and associated risks, including tumor promotion and immune-related complications. Furthermore, the review discusses recent advances in engineered stem cell systems for gene and drug delivery in oncology. A key focus of this article is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing stem cell-based therapies. These computational approaches enable improved cell characterization, treatment personalization, and prediction of therapeutic outcomes using multi-dimensional biological and clinical data. The convergence of stem cell biology with data-driven technologies is accelerating the development of more precise and effective cancer treatments. Despite ongoing challenges related to safety, ethical considerations, and regulatory constraints, stem cell-based therapies represent a rapidly evolving field with significant clinical potential. Continued interdisciplinary research integrating biotechnology and computational methods is expected to play a critical role in advancing personalized and durable cancer treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The role of Biochar in anaerobic digestion to enhance the biogas production by focusing on Methanogenic pathway: A review
Optimizing the biogas generation process (BGP) during the anaerobic digestion (AD) route is a challenging goal to be achieved through the potential valence of the biochar (BC) application. Anaerobic digestion has become a favored technique aimed at producing clean energy and effectively handling organic waste. Nonetheless, the reactor performance is hindered by the buildup of ammonia, acids and nutrients, resulting in inhibition and instability. Due to its versatility, biochar (BC) has attracted significant attention in biogas production and can be produced by carbonizing biomass and waste materials. Incorporating BC into the anaerobic digestion (AD) process could provide several advantages, such as reducing toxic inhibition, shortening the methanogenic lag phase, immobilizing functional bacteria, and improving the electron transfer rate between methanogenic and acetogenic microorganisms. However, there is still a need for a deeper understanding of the complex role of BC and its detailed mechanisms in biogas production within the AD process. The present brief review paper intends to explore the main role and mechanisms of the BC application as an additive in the AD process, by focusing on how the characteristics of BC affect the AD processes during methanogenic pathways and processes and how they effectively address significant challenges.
Influence of zinc and sulphur on growth and yield attributes of Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Bhima Super under Western Uttar Pradesh conditions
A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022-23 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Janta Vedic College, Baraut, Baghpat (U.P.), India, to evaluate the combined influence of zinc and sulphur on the growth and yield attributes of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. „Bhima Super‟ under Western Uttar Pradesh conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with nine treatments along with a control and replicated trice: T₀ (Control), T₁ (100% NPK), T₂ (RDF + Zn 30 kg/ha), T₃ (RDF + Zn 20 kg/ha), T₄ (RDF + S 45 kg/ha), T₅ (RDF + S 30 kg/ha), T₆ (RDF + Zn 20+ S 30 kg/ha), T₇ (RDF + Zn 20 + S 45 kg/ha), T₈ (RDF + Zn 30 + S 30 kg/ha), and T₉ (RDF + Zn 30 + S 45 kg/ha). The results revealed that the integrated application of zinc and sulphur significantly enhanced all studied parameters. The treatment T₉ (RDF + Zn 30 kg/ha + S 45 kg/ha) emerged as the most effective, recording the maximum plant height (49.92 cm), stem length (8.49 cm), number of leaves (8.03), leaf length (41.43 cm), and neck thickness (1.79 cm). Furthermore, yield attributes were significantly superior in T₉, including polar diameter (5.11 cm), equatorial diameter (6.02 cm), bulb fresh weight (52.11 g), bulb dry weight (14.15 g), total soluble solids (12.26°Brix), leaf dry weight (16.80 g), and bulb weight per plot (9.05 kg). The highest total bulb yield (278.55 q/ha) was also recorded under the T₉ treatment. The study concludes that the application of RDF supplemented with 30 kg/ha zinc and 45 kg/ha sulphur is highly effective for optimizing onion productivity under the agro-climatic conditions of Western U.P. and the Delhi NCR region.
Sesame production constraints, utilization and cultivation opportunities in Eritrea
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a high value and important oilseed crop owing to its dietary uses, health benefits, and industrial applications. Sesame oil maintains a balanced fatty acid composition with more or less equal and higher percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. Despite its several merits, it is behind in genetic improvement as compared to other field crops in Eritrea. This paper aims to identify the major sesame production constraints and document sesame utilization and cultivation opportunities as well as farmer- and market-preferred varieties and traits, in Eritrea. The documentation of the paper will serve as a guide for largescale sesame seed and oil production and breeding programs. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) study was conducted in three selected sesame-growing sub-regions and seven villages and sites of Gash Barka region in Eritrea. Data were collected from 90 sesame farmers through semi-structured questionnaires and 50 in focused group discussions. Sesame is grown by all respondent farmers in the study areas for food and as a source of cash. The result of the survey indicated that most of the respondent farmers reported cultivating sesame using seeds of local landraces of their own. About 47.5% of the respondents reported moisture stress/drought as the most important production constraint, followed by low and unstable market outlets (45.7%). Other production constraints included seed shattering, diseases and insects (31.4%), and lack of improved seeds and inputs (14.3%). The above constraints were attributed to the absence of dedicated crop management practices, lack of improved seed and a formal seed sector, poor extension services, and underdeveloped pre- and postharvest infrastructures. With regards to input utilization and crop rotation; 95% of the farmers responded that they don’t use fertilizer and 82% said no herbicide and pesticide applications. Besides, 97.4% of the farmers responded that they have grown sesame for crop rotation. The most important market-preferred traits of sesame included white seed colour (26.0%), followed by bold with big seed size (20%) and clean seed (17%). To improve the low yield of sesame there is a need for a dedicated sesame genetic improvement program by integrates thekey production constraints and market- and farmer-preferred traits to develop and deploy new generation varieties to enhance the production, productivity, and adoption of sesame cultivars in Eritrea.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and its contributing traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and its contributing characters through correlation and path coefficient analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Thirty genotypes were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Eleven quantitative traits were studied. Correlation analysis revealed that grain yield exhibited positive association with several yield contributing traits. Path coefficient analysis partitioned the correlation into direct and indirect effects, indicating that biological yield, harvest index, and fertile seeds per panicle had strong direct effects on grain yield. These traits can be used as selection criteria in breeding programs for yield improvement.
Impact of Agricultural Technology Information Centre on beneficiaries in Marathwada region
The present study assessed the impact of the Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) on its beneficiaries in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra during 2021-22. A total of 180 beneficiaries were selected using an ex post facto research design to evaluate the effectiveness of ATIC services in enhancing agricultural knowledge, decision-making, and livelihood outcomes. The findings revealed that socio-economic and communication variables played a significant role in determining the impact of ATIC interventions. Path analysis indicated that annual income, educational status, social participation, training exposure, and access to information sources exerted a strong direct and indirect influence on the overall impact of ATIC services. In the absence of these critical factors, the effectiveness of independent variables in influencing beneficiary outcomes was considerably reduced. The study highlights the pivotal role of ATIC as a single-window delivery system for technology dissemination, diagnostic services, and need-based advisory support to farming communities. Strengthening farmer capacity through targeted training, improved information access, and enhanced participation can substantially increase the effectiveness and outreach of ATIC interventions in the region.
Climate-smart natural resource governance in India: Policy and global perspectives
This study examines India’s approach to climate-smart natural resource management in the context of growing challenges related to climate change, environmental degradation, and sustainable development. India has adopted several policy initiatives, including the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs), the National Biodiversity Action Plan, and policies for water and coastal managementto address climate risks. At the global level, these efforts are linked with international frameworks including the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The study emphasises the significance of governance, policy coordination, and the science–policy interface in attaining climate resilience. It argues that effective alignment between national policies and global commitments is essential for sustainable and inclusive natural resource management.
Impact of pulp and paper mill effluent on soil nutrient dynamics in Ludhiana, Punjab
This study investigates the influence of different irrigation treatments and fertilizer combinations on soil properties at Shreyans Industries Limited, Ludhiana, Punjab. Split - plot design was employed and the treatments involved varying proportions of pulp and paper mill effluent (E) and ground water (GW) (ranging from 100% E to 100% GW) as I1: 100% (E), I2: 90% (E) + 10% (GW), I3: 80% (E) + 20% (GW), I4: 70% (E) + 30% (GW), I5: 60% (E) + 40% (GW) and I6: 50% (E) + 50% (GW)in main plot and four fertilizer treatments: Control (No fertilizers) (F1), 100% FYM (F2), 100% NPK (F3), and 50% NPK + 50% FYM (F4) under sub-plot. The results indicated that soil pH remained slightly alkaline across all treatments with minimal fluctuations, while electrical conductivity (EC) values suggested low to moderate salinity levels. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content varied significantly, with the highest values observed under treatments with 60% effluent + 40% ground water (I5) and 100% ground water (I7). This combination also showed the most significant improvements in available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, indicating enhanced nutrient availability compared to other treatments. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated nutrient management, showing that effluent irrigation combined with organic-inorganic fertilizers can significantly improve soil fertility and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Irrigation with a 60% pulp and paper mill effluent and 40% ground water mix optimized soil organic carbon and nutrient levels, while maintaining stable pH and EC, suggesting it as the most effective treatment for improving soil fertility and plant growth. This study highlights the potential of using effluent in sustainable agricultural practices, offering valuable insights into optimizing irrigation strategies with minimal environmental impact.
Calibration and validation of the SWAT model for the Sani River basin, Gujarat
A simulation study using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been initiated to assess current and alternative nutrient, cropping, and management practices in the Sani River Basin in an effort to help mitigate climate change impact in the basin. The SWAT software system has been constructed to manage the input and output data for the SWAT simulations, and the execution of the model for each scenario. An overview of the modeling structure that has been developed for the basin is presented, including the spatial representation of the region within SWAT. Initial results for the baseline simulation are also presented for monthly stream flows near the outlet of the basin, and for annual stream flows for the basin. Overall, the model demonstrated good performance in capturing the patterns and trend of the observed flow series, which confirmed the appropriateness of the model for future scenario simulation. Therefore, SWAT model can be taken as a potential tool for simulation of the hydrology of watershed which behaves hydro-meteorologically similar with Sani basin. Future studies on Sani watershed modeling should address the issues related to water quality and evaluate best management practices.
Genetic analysis of quantitative traits for yield improvement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
The present investigation entitled Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits for Yield Improvement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted at research farm of Shri Durga Ji Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh. Rice is a major staple crop globally, and improving its yield is a primary objective in plant breeding programs. The present study was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic advance in per cent of mean among 30 rice genotypes. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during the kharif season. Eleven quantitative traits were analyzed. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for fertile seeds per panicle and harvest index. Moderate to high heritability coupled with genetic advance was recorded for key yield traits, suggesting the predominance of additive gene action. The study concludes that selection based on these traits can effectively enhance rice yield in breeding programs.
Ecological adaptation and phytochemicals variability of Fragaria species in the agro-climatic zones of Mayurbhanj, Odisha
This study investigates the ecological adaptability and chemical profile of Fragaria species (strawberry) introduced into the unique tropical agro-climatic zones of Mayurbhanj, Odisha, specifically focusing on the transition belts of the Similipal Biosphere Reserve. Despite its temperate origins, strawberry cultivation has expanded in this region, necessitated by the specific micro-climates and acidic laterite soils of Northern Odisha. The research evaluates how local environmental factors-such as temperature fluctuations, soil pH, and humidity-influence plant phenology and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Phytochemical screening focuses on quantifying total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins (primarily pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside) across different altitudinal gradients. Preliminary observations suggest that environmental stressors in these tropical fringes may enhance antioxidant concentrations as an adaptive response. By correlating soil-climatic data with bioactive yield, this study provides critical insights into the physiological resilience of Fragaria in non-traditional landscapes. The findings offer a scientific foundation for optimizing cultivation practices, enhancing fruit quality, and supporting the socio-economic upliftment of tribal farmers in the Mayurbhanj district through sustainable horticulture.
Influence of nutrient levels and bio-inoculants on growth parameters of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle) cv. Kagzi under sandy loam soil conditions
Organic manures and biofertilizers play a crucial role in improving soil physicochemical and biological properties, thereby enhancing the growth, yield, and quality of citrus crops (Khehra and Bal, 2016). The present study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of varying nutrient levels and bio-inoculants on the growth and physiological parameters of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Kagzi. The treatments comprised different doses of inorganic nutrients (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the recommended dose of fertilizers, RDF) and organic sources, including vermicompost (5 kg/plant), Azotobacter + PSB (50 ml/plant), Biofertisol (200 ml/plant), and their various combinations. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Growth and morphological parameters were significantly influenced by nutrient management treatments. Vegetative growth improved progressively with increasing fertilizer levels and integrated nutrient applications. The application of 100% RDF (600:200:300 g NPK per plant) recorded highest plant growth, with maximum plant height (0.15 m), canopy spread (0.26 m East–West, 0.24 m North–South), shoot length (10.61 cm), and shoot diameter (5.79 mm). These results demonstrate that the integrated application of inorganic fertilizers and organic bio-inoculants exerts a synergistic effect, markedly enhancing vegetative growth. This integrated nutrient management strategy provides a sustainable and effective approach to improving the productivity and overall performance of acid lime.
Ergonomics evaluation of manually operated wheel sprayer
Spraying is one of the most significant procedures in crop production because it protects crops from pests and diseases. Ergonomic intervention in spraying operations can give a solid foundation for recommendations on operating methods and efficient operation for increased production and safety. The ergonomic assessment of the manually operated wheel sprayer was based on heart rate, oxygen consumption rate, energy expenditure rate, and overall discomfort rating. Physiological workload increased proportionally with both variables, heart rate peaked at 118 beats min⁻ ¹, while oxygen consumption rate increases from 551 ml min⁻ ¹ to 665 ml min⁻ ¹ across the tested ranges (2.16-2.71 km h⁻ ¹ and 25-35 years). Similarly, the energy expenditure rate increased from 17.5 to 21.66 kJ min⁻ ¹. The overall discomfort rating followed this trend, reaching its maximum at a speed of 2.71 km h⁻ ¹ and an operator age of 35 years, suggesting that higher speeds and higher age of the operator significantly intensify the physical demands of the task. Average theoretical field capacity, actual field capacity, and field efficiency values of 0.44 ha h⁻ ¹, 0.32 ha h⁻ ¹, and 73%, respectively.
Response of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
A field experiment entitled “Response of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)” was conducted during rabi season of 2024-25 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Tantia University, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with seven treatments which are replicated thrice viz. T1: control, T2: 100% FYM 100% FYM (20 t/ha), T3: 100% FYM (20 t/ha) + Azospirillum, T4: 50% FYM (10 t/ha) + 50% inorganic fertilizers (N, P, K), T5: 100% vermicompost (5 t/ha), T6: 50% vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) + 50% inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K), T7: 50% inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K) + 50% vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) + Azospirillum. The results obtained that 50% inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K) + 50% vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) + Azospirillum was recorded significantly maximum plant height (59.58 cm), number of leaves/plant (8.76), leaf area index (3.29 cm), bulb weight (11.80g), bulb diameter (3.48 cm), number of cloves/bulb (14.45), clove length (3.18 cm), clove breadth (1.51 cm), clove weight (0.90g), bulb yield (6.18 kg/plot) and bulb yield (13.85 t/ha).
Optimization of a green ethanol–water extraction system for Pimenta dioica leaves: Effects on phytochemical content and antioxidant potential
The present study investigated the effect of extraction parameters on the phytochemical composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill leaf extracts, emphasizing a green and sustainable approach for the efficient utilization of plant biodiversity. Extraction was performed using an ethanol water solvent system at varying solvent ratios (70:30, 80:20 and 90:10), temperatures (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C), and incubation times (60 and 120 min). Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of major bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and glycosides in most extracts, while alkaloids appeared only at specific combinations 80:20 at 80°C and 90:10 at 60°C after 60 min, but were detected in nearly all solvent systems after 120 min. The total phenolic content was highest in extracts obtained at 80:20 solvent ratio, 60°C, and 120 min incubation, indicating the influence of solvent polarity and extraction duration on phenolic recovery. Antioxidant potential evaluated through reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging assays demonstrated that extracts at 60°C exhibited the highest reducing power, whereas the 70:30 solvent ratio showed superior DPPH radical scavenging activity. Overall, ethanol–water extraction proved effective and environmentally benign for recovering phenolic-rich bioactives from P. dioica leaves. The findings highlight optimized extraction as a green strategy to enhance the recovery of natural antioxidants, supporting the sustainable exploitation of plant biodiversity for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The ethanol–water solvent system represents an environmentally benign alternative to conventional organic solvents, being biodegradable, renewable, and safe. Hence, the extraction approach adopted in this study aligns with green chemistry principles and contributes to sustainable biodiversity utilization
Evaluation of genetic variability for yield and associated traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
A field experiment was conducted during the 2023-24 cropping season at the Research Farm of J.V. College, Baraut (U.P.), affiliated with Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, to assess genetic variability for yield and its contributing traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study involved 25 genotypes procured from IIWBR, Karnal, and IARI, New Delhi, evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications under highland agro-ecological conditions. Observations were recorded on eleven agronomic traits, including phenological, morphological, and yield-related parameters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. Traits such as number of tillers per plant, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index showed strong association with grain yield per plant. The results suggest considerable scope for selection and genetic improvement of wheat genotypes for enhanced productivity under similar agro-climatic conditions.
Effect of foliar application GA3 and NAA on growth and green yield of Coriander (Coriander sativum L.)
An experiment entitled “Effect of foliar application GA3 and NAA on growth, green yield and quality of Coriander (Coriander sativum L.)” conducted in season during the year 2024-25 at the experimental field of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tantia University, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. The present study aimed to evaluate the Effect of foliar application GA3 and NAA on Growth, Yield and Quality of coriander. The plants were treated with seven different treatments having three replication of each treatment. The observations were recorded at regular interval. The results of investigation indicated a significant influence on growth, yield and quality of coriander. The maximum plant height at 60 DAS on maximum plant height of (44.21 cm) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum no. of leaves per plant at 60 DAS on maximum no. of leaves per plant of (70.66) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum no. of primary branches per plant at 60 DAS on maximum no. of primary branches per plant of (7.90) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum no. of secondary branches per plant at 60 DAS on maximum no. of secondary branches per plant of (14.22) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum fresh biomass per plant at 60 DAS on maximum fresh biomass per plant of (31.12 gm) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum leaf yield per plant of (114.45 gm) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum fresh leaf yield per plot of (3.11 kg) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm). The maximum green yield per hectare of (113.90 q) was noted in T4 treatment (GA3, 100ppm).
Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial, anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities of leaf and flower extracts of Clerorodendrum infortunatum L.
Medicinal plants have long been used to prevent and treat diseases, containing complex bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological potentials. They form the basis of many traditional medicine systems and continue to inspire modern pharmaceuticals. Clerodendrum infortunatum L., commonly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia, particularly India, has a rich history in traditional medicine, though detailed scientific studies on its bioactive compounds and therapeutic effects remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and assess the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities of distilled water, isopropyl alcohol, and chloroform extracts from the leaves and flowers of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Fresh leaves and flowers of Clerodendron infortunatum L. were collected from natural habitat, Alappuzha district, Kerala. Cold extraction method was used for the preparation of. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out by using standard procedures. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities were evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assay, respectively. Phytochemical screening of Clerodendrum infortunatum revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides, in various flower extracts showing a broader and more intense profile, especially in chloroform and isopropyl alcohol. Flower extracts exhibited stronger antibacterial activity, while leaf extracts, particularly chloroform extracts, showed higher antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential. These findings highlight the plant’s medicinal value as a source of natural antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant agents.
Assessment of genetic divergence among Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes using quantitative and yield-related traits
The present study was conducted to assess the extent of genetic divergence among different genotypes of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) using quantitative traits related to growth, yield, and yield components. A set of diverse lentil genotypes was evaluated under field conditions using a randomized block design with appropriate replications. Significant variation among 20 lentil genotypes for 12 important quantitative traits the present investigation J.V College Baraut Baghpat Uttar Pradesh was observed among the genotypes for most of the traits studied, indicating the presence of substantial genetic diversity. Genetic divergence analysis grouped the genotypes into distinct clusters, suggesting wide genetic variability among the experimental material. Genotypes belonging to divergent clusters exhibited greater inter-cluster distances, indicating their potential usefulness as parents in hybridization programmes for the development of highyielding and widely adapted lentil varieties. The results of the study emphasize the importance of exploiting genetic divergence in lentil breeding programmes to enhance productivity and broaden the genetic base.
Effect of zinc and iron application on growth and yield of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Hisar Safeda
The present investigation entitled “Effect of zinc and iron application on growth and yield of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Hisar Safeda” was conducted during 2024 at the Department of Horticulture, Tantia University, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, under irrigated North-Western plain zone conditions. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eight treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were: T1 (Zn 0.5%), T2 (Zn 1.0%), T3 (Zn 2.0%), T4 (Fe 0.5%), T5 (Fe 1.0%), T6 (Fe 2.0%), T7 (Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%) and T8 (control). The results revealed that foliar application of micronutrients significantly improved vegetative growth, flowering, and yield attributes. The maximum plant height increase (2.80 m) was recorded in T7 (Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%), while the minimum (1.95 m) was observed in T8 (control). The number of branches per plant was highest in T7 ((Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%) and lowest in T8 (6.8, control). The branch length was maximum in T7 (2.45 m), (Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%) and minimum in T8 (1.65 cm, control). Flowering attributes also responded positively. The maximum flowers per branch (9.4) were recorded in T7 (Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%), whereas the minimum (5.6) was observed in T8 (control). Yield parameters showed remarkable improvement with combined application. The highest number of fruits per plant (58) was obtained in T7 (Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%), while the lowest (28) was found in T8 (control). The average fruit weight was maximum in T7 (126.5g, Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%) and minimum in T8 (102.3 g, control). The fruit yield per plant was highest in T7 (18.45 kg/plant, Zn + Fe 0.5% each) and lowest in T8 (6.25 kg/plant, control). Fruit size attributes followed the same trend, with maximum fruit length (7.2 cm) and fruit diameter (7.0 cm) in T7 (Zn 0.5% + Fe 0.5%), while the minimum values (5.8 cm length and 5.4 cm diameter) were observed in T8 (control). Overall, the combined foliar application of (ZnSO4 + FeSO4, T7) proved significantly superior over individual nutrient applications, enhancing both growth and yield parameters of guava cv. Hisar Safeda. Hence, foliar application of Zn + Fe (0.5%) is recommended for improving productivity and fruit quality under semi-arid conditions of Rajasthan.
Assessment of library services and resource utilization at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu
Academic libraries serve as essential support systems for teaching, learning, and research in higher education institutions. The present study examined the utilisation of library services and resources, frequency of use, and levels of user satisfaction at the Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted during 2023-2025 using a structured questionnaire survey administered to 60 students from undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. Data were analysed using percentage analysis to identify patterns of library usage and user perceptions. The findings revealed that male respondents constituted 63.30 %, while female respondents accounted for 36.70% of the sample. Undergraduate students formed a major share of respondents (85.00 %), followed by postgraduates (15.00 %). In terms of visit frequency, 38.00 % of students visited the library weekly and 23.50 % daily, indicating regular engagement with library facilities. Academic purposes dominated library use, with 75.50 % of respondents using the library primarily for study and educational activities. Utilisation of library services was highest for curriculum development and research, where 38.00 %–40.00 % of respondents reported using resources very often. Satisfaction levels were generally high, with more than 50.00 % of respondents expressing satisfaction with lending services, professional literature, electronic resources, and internet facilities. However, moderate levels of indifference (10.00% - 19.00%) were observed for multimedia and audio-visual resources. Overall, the results indicate that the library plays a significant role in supporting academic activities, while also highlighting the need for continuous enhancement of digital resources and user-oriented services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Enhanced antagonistic activity of UV-induced Pseudomonas putida mutants against dominant soil-borne fungi of Groundnut and its impact on PHULE UNAP performance
Effective biological control of soil-borne fungal diseases in groundnut requires microbial strains with strong, stable antagonistic activity under variable environments. Building on a wild-type Pseudomonas putida strain previously isolated from groundnut rhizosphere, this study applied ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis to generate mutants with enhanced antifungal potential and evaluated their impact on the performance of the variety PHULE UNAP. Colonies surviving 5, 10, and 15 minutes of UV exposure were isolated and screened in vitro against ten dominant rhizosphere fungi using dual culture assays. Mutants obtained after 15 minutes of exposure displayed the greatest improvement, with substantially higher antagonistic scores than the wild type, especially against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The best mutant, designated Iso 20 UV 15 min, was further tested in pot culture with PHULE UNAP under composite fungal inoculum. Mutant treatment markedly increased leaf number, sustained vegetative growth, and produced the highest pod and grain yields among tested varieties, indicating successful translation of enhanced in vitro antagonism to in vivo disease suppression and growth promotion. These findings demonstrate that UV mutagenesis can improve PGPR-based biocontrol strains and support their strategic deployment with responsive groundnut genotypes such as PHULE UNAP.
Bioactive peptides: Mechanisms, applications and prospects for Fish health management
Disease outbreaks remain a major challenge to sustainable aquaculture, necessitating alternatives to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. Bioactive peptides, derived from natural sources, have emerged as promising immunomodulatory compounds capable of enhancing fish immunity and disease resistance. These peptides exhibit multiple biological activities, including immunostimulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. By strengthening innate and adaptive immune responses and directly inhibiting pathogens, bioactive peptides contribute to improved fish health and survival. This review summarizes current knowledge on the sources, production, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and applications of bioactive peptides in aquaculture, while highlighting future prospects and research gaps. Overall, bioactive peptides hold significant potential as sustainable tools for fish health management in modern aquaculture.
Microbial biodegradation of carbendazim and sulfosulfuron: A sustainable approach for pesticide detoxification and soil restoration
The persistent use of synthetic pesticides such as carbendazim and sulfosulfuron has led to serious ecological challenges, including soil toxicity, microbial imbalance, and loss of biodiversity. The present study explores the efficiency of indigenous soil microorganisms in degrading these persistent pesticides under controlled laboratory and field conditions. A consortium of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Arthrobacter sp. was developed through enrichment and screening based on tolerance index and enzymatic potential. The optimized consortium exhibited over 85% degradation of carbendazim and 78% of sulfosulfuron within 10 days at 30 ± 2 °C, confirmed through HPLC and GC–MS analyses. Intermediate metabolites such as 2-aminobenzimidazole and sulfonylurea derivatives were identified and further mineralized into non-toxic compounds. Enhanced activities of soil dehydrogenase and laccase enzymes, along with improved microbial biomass carbon, indicated ecological recovery. SEM and FTIR analyses provided insights into cell-surface interactions and functional group transformations during degradation. The results demonstrate that microbial bioaugmentation using native strains offers a promising, low-cost, and eco-sustainable strategy for detoxifying pesticide residues while restoring soil health and biodiversity. This work highlights the potential of microbial remediation as an integral component of sustainable agricultural practices, contributing directly to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-2, SDG-12, and SDG-15).
Role of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) in enhancing Fish health and performance: A brief review
Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), a member of the Apiaceae family, contains high levels of thymol, carvacrol, terpinene, phlandrene, and other oxygenated monoterpenes responsible for its pharmacological properties. Seed extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. Ajwain demonstrates strong antioxidant potential associated with carotenoids and flavonoids, and its essential oil exerts broad-spectrum fungitoxicity against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. The plant also shows anthelmintic activity through ATPase interference and stimulation of gut peristalsis. In aquaculture, supplementation of ajwain extract (1–2%) significantly improves rainbow trout growth indices (SGR, FCR, BWI), lysozyme activity, and survival rate. Additional studies show enhanced feed utilization and immunity in Nile tilapia and broilers. These findings support the use of ajwain as a natural growth promoter, immunostimulant, and antimicrobial agent in animal production systems.
Effect of different processing interventions on the residual level of formaldehyde in Fish
Formaldehyde, a potential carcinogen is used by fishermen and fish vendors to preserve the freshness and quality of fish and seafood because of its perishable nature. The present study evaluated the efficiency of different household culinary methods such as washing, boiling, and microwave cooking on the removal residual of formaldehyde from Indian Mackerel fish spiked with 1 % formaldehyde. In one experiment, the effect of washing on residual formaldehyde was evaluated by washing at different interval times of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 minutes. The reduction level of formaldehyde was calculated using the HPLC method. The residual formaldehyde before different processing conditions in the fish ranged from 13.09 ± 0.099 µg g-1 to 12.86 ± 0.052 µg g-1. After washing, the residual formaldehyde was decreased to 3.74 ± 0.047 µg g-1. In washing, the percentage of absorption and removal of formaldehyde in fish after 15 minutes were found as 29.10% and 70.9% respectively. Another experiment was done in order to compare the effect of washing, boiling, and microwave cooking on the formaldehyde content in fish and found that formaldehyde content was reduced by 70.66 % in washing, 74.98% in boiling, and 50.196% in microwave cooking. Washing and boiling fish could significantly reduce the formaldehyde content in fish compared to microwave cooking.
Ecofriendly and conventional approaches for managing bacterial blight of Clusterbean: A critical review
Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba L. Taub.) (2n=14) commonly known as "guar" means "cow food" is an arid and semi-arid legume crop belonging to the family leguminaceae. It is grown as green manuring, green fodder and vegetable crop for human consumption since ancient times in India and Pakistan. Guar gum and its co-products are utilized in numerous industries like textile, paper, cosmetics, mining, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food processing, oil drilling, explosives, well drilling. Various use of the clusterbean makes it as an imperative component of cropping system of the area. Clusterbean crop deteriorate due to number of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases like Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis), vascular wilt (Fusarium moniliformae and Fusarium sp.), Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina), Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) and Alternaria blight (Alternaria cyamopsidis). On the other hand, the nationalized little regular production (480 kg/ha) of grain and fodder is mainly due to disease cause by various plant pathogens. Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas a. pv. cyamopsidis Patel) Vauterin is one of the majority severe diseases of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonloba L. Taub.). The pathogen is essentially internally seed borne in nature and provides primary inoculum for secondary spread. Bacterial blight of guar incited by X. axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis. In case of heavy infection, it is reported to cause 58-68 percent losses in grain yield so, keeping in view the destruction caused by the disease, many management strategies are needed to manage the disease as biological and chemical means helps a lot for it.
Estimation of horticultural traits in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) accessions of seedling origin from Ganderbal district of Kashmir valley
Thorough survey was conducted in five different villages of Ganderbal district in Kashmir valley and ninety threepersimmon accessions of seedling origin were marked to study the horticultural traits. The results revealed vast diversity among persimmon accessions, wherein plant height, plant spread, trunk girth and TCSA varied from 4.39 m to 7.83 m, 3.03 m to 5.97 m, 16.30 cm to 5.60 cm and 21.15 cm2 to 246.13 cm2 , respectively. Plant growth habit was classified as upright in 24 plants, drooping in 38 plants and spreading in 31 plants. Leaf area varied from 51.72 cm2 to 158.41 cm2 with leaf shape as elliptic (36 plants), obovate (13 plants) and ovate (44 plants). Duration of flowering ranged between 7.00 and 12.00, however fruit set varied from 53.01 percent to 77.86 percent. Fruit physical parameters revealed that fruit weight, fruit length and fruit breadth ranged between 48.41 g to 199.63 g, 52.31 mm to 84.57 mmand 38.29 mm to 77.61 mm, respectively, whereas fruit firmness varied from 6.94 lb/inch2 to 11.74 lb/inch2 . Fruit shape was observed as elliptic (36 plants), ovate (31 plants) and circular (26 plants). Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugars, ascorbic acid, tannins and astringency index varied from 12.0oB to 18.0oB, 0.12 percent to 0.38 percent, 8.30 percent to 13.90 percent, 25.37 mg/100 g to 31.83 mg/100g, 0.22 mg/g DW to 0.77 mg/g DW and 0.32 to 3.74, respectively. Number of seeds per fruit varied between 2.67 to 4.67.A vast variation was observed for all the studied parameters and on that basis elite/superior accessions were selected for further study and utilize in further breeding programs.
An overview of cultural, morphological and molecular variability in Rhizoctonia spp. causing Cotton root rot
Cotton is currently the leading plant fibre crop worldwide and is grown commercially in the temperate and tropical regions of more than 50 countries. During 2021-22, Haryana shares 6.47 area (lakh ha), 17.20 production (lakh bales of 170kg) with 452 kg/ha productivity. India is the largest country in world in terms of area under cotton is 133.50 lakh hectares which is 41% of the world cotton area. The cotton crop is grown extensively with a limiting factor, that is infected by fungal, bacterial and viral diseases like Anthracnose, Leaf blight, Wilt, Verticillium wilt, Ramularia leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot, Target Leaf Spot, Myrothecium Leaf Spot, Rust of Cotton, Root rot, Angular leaf spot, Bacterial blight, Cotton leaf curl disease and Tobacco streak virus (TSV) etc. Out of all the diseases, root rot of cotton is the most devastating disease and now days this disease has become a major limiting factor in cotton cultivation. Cultural variability is commonly expressed through differences in colony colour, texture, growth rate, mycelial density, sclerotial formation, and pattern of hyphal growth on various nutrient media. Morphological variability further distinguishes Rhizoctonia species and their populations, particularly in hyphal characteristics such as branching pattern at right angles, septation near the branch origin, hyphal width, and the size, shape, and distribution of sclerotia. Techniques such as ITS-rDNA sequencing, RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, and SSR markers have been widely employed to differentiate species, anastomosis groups, and genetically distinct populations. The integration of cultural, morphological, and molecular approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of variability in Rhizoctonia spp., which is essential for accurate identification, epidemiological studies, and the development of effective disease management strategies in cotton.
Stream Lit-Powered framework for Real-time network traffic monitoring with Python in Agriculture
Considering the escalating prevalence of cyber threats, data breaches and unauthorized access incidents, the implementation of real-time network monitoring has become imperative for the enhancement of cyber-security protocols in different sectors. The objective of this research was to strengthen cyber-security by delivering real-time traffic visualization with packet classification (TCP, UDP, ICMP) units and automated anomaly detection capacity. The integration of digital technologies in agriculture has increased the reliance on real-time data exchange for market intelligence, precision farming and value chain management. Thus the study developed a real-time network traffic monitoring dashboard utilizing Python and Streamlit, which effectively captures, analyzes and visualizes network traffic to facilitate improved threat detection. The methodology involved Network monitoring, analysis process, real time visualization, anomaly detection and logging which involved online real time monitoring and offline storage repository for archival and analysis where significant research deficiency is identified in the realms of scalability and adaptive anomaly detection. With the growing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, drones and cloud-based platforms, network traffic monitoring has become critical to ensure reliability, security and efficiency in agricultural operations. Leveraging open-source Python libraries, the framework provides a user-friendly dashboard with low computational overhead, making it accessible to rural and resourceconstrained settings. Results demonstrate the feasibility of real-time monitoring for enhancing data security, minimizing downtime and improving the resilience of digital agriculture systems. Moreover, the consoles architecture will be optimized to handle even the largest networks and highest traffic volumes ensuring it remains effective and efficient, even in the most demanding environments such as monitoring of agricultural value chains efficiency.