International Journal of Agricultural Invention
Welcome to all Researchers / Contributors / Authors greetings from the Editorial Board of International Journal of Agricultural Invention (IJAI). The Journal is devoted to basic and applied aspects of agricultural and life science. The journal welcomes original research/ review papers in these areas. The articles can be published as full research paper or as short communication. The editorial board may invite important short reviews from eminent scientist/delegates/research scholar’s working in the respective fields. Authors may note that the articles submitted to the International Journal of Agricultural Invention are not submitted simultaneously to any other journal for publication. All research papers and review articles submitted for publications will be reviewed by referees with complete postal address, who can be approached to review the paper. However, final decision will rest with the editorial board. The Editorial Board of the Journal facilitates publication improvements by providing authors suggestions in the areas of standard methodologies, statistical significance, study period, and utilitarian value.
Agricultural Technology Development Society
Bioactive peptides: Mechanisms, applications and prospects for Fish health management
Disease outbreaks remain a major challenge to sustainable aquaculture, necessitating alternatives to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. Bioactive peptides, derived from natural sources, have emerged as promising immunomodulatory compounds capable of enhancing fish immunity and disease resistance. These peptides exhibit multiple biological activities, including immunostimulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. By strengthening innate and adaptive immune responses and directly inhibiting pathogens, bioactive peptides contribute to improved fish health and survival. This review summarizes current knowledge on the sources, production, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and applications of bioactive peptides in aquaculture, while highlighting future prospects and research gaps. Overall, bioactive peptides hold significant potential as sustainable tools for fish health management in modern aquaculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Microbial biodegradation of carbendazim and sulfosulfuron: A sustainable approach for pesticide detoxification and soil restoration
The persistent use of synthetic pesticides such as carbendazim and sulfosulfuron has led to serious ecological challenges, including soil toxicity, microbial imbalance, and loss of biodiversity. The present study explores the efficiency of indigenous soil microorganisms in degrading these persistent pesticides under controlled laboratory and field conditions. A consortium of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Arthrobacter sp. was developed through enrichment and screening based on tolerance index and enzymatic potential. The optimized consortium exhibited over 85% degradation of carbendazim and 78% of sulfosulfuron within 10 days at 30 ± 2 °C, confirmed through HPLC and GC–MS analyses. Intermediate metabolites such as 2-aminobenzimidazole and sulfonylurea derivatives were identified and further mineralized into non-toxic compounds. Enhanced activities of soil dehydrogenase and laccase enzymes, along with improved microbial biomass carbon, indicated ecological recovery. SEM and FTIR analyses provided insights into cell-surface interactions and functional group transformations during degradation. The results demonstrate that microbial bioaugmentation using native strains offers a promising, low-cost, and eco-sustainable strategy for detoxifying pesticide residues while restoring soil health and biodiversity. This work highlights the potential of microbial remediation as an integral component of sustainable agricultural practices, contributing directly to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-2, SDG-12, and SDG-15).
Role of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) in enhancing Fish health and performance: A brief review
Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), a member of the Apiaceae family, contains high levels of thymol, carvacrol, terpinene, phlandrene, and other oxygenated monoterpenes responsible for its pharmacological properties. Seed extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. Ajwain demonstrates strong antioxidant potential associated with carotenoids and flavonoids, and its essential oil exerts broad-spectrum fungitoxicity against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. The plant also shows anthelmintic activity through ATPase interference and stimulation of gut peristalsis. In aquaculture, supplementation of ajwain extract (1–2%) significantly improves rainbow trout growth indices (SGR, FCR, BWI), lysozyme activity, and survival rate. Additional studies show enhanced feed utilization and immunity in Nile tilapia and broilers. These findings support the use of ajwain as a natural growth promoter, immunostimulant, and antimicrobial agent in animal production systems.
Effect of different processing interventions on the residual level of formaldehyde in Fish
Formaldehyde, a potential carcinogen is used by fishermen and fish vendors to preserve the freshness and quality of fish and seafood because of its perishable nature. The present study evaluated the efficiency of different household culinary methods such as washing, boiling, and microwave cooking on the removal residual of formaldehyde from Indian Mackerel fish spiked with 1 % formaldehyde. In one experiment, the effect of washing on residual formaldehyde was evaluated by washing at different interval times of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 minutes. The reduction level of formaldehyde was calculated using the HPLC method. The residual formaldehyde before different processing conditions in the fish ranged from 13.09 ± 0.099 µg g-1 to 12.86 ± 0.052 µg g-1. After washing, the residual formaldehyde was decreased to 3.74 ± 0.047 µg g-1. In washing, the percentage of absorption and removal of formaldehyde in fish after 15 minutes were found as 29.10% and 70.9% respectively. Another experiment was done in order to compare the effect of washing, boiling, and microwave cooking on the formaldehyde content in fish and found that formaldehyde content was reduced by 70.66 % in washing, 74.98% in boiling, and 50.196% in microwave cooking. Washing and boiling fish could significantly reduce the formaldehyde content in fish compared to microwave cooking.
Ecofriendly and conventional approaches for managing bacterial blight of Clusterbean: A critical review
Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba L. Taub.) (2n=14) commonly known as "guar" means "cow food" is an arid and semi-arid legume crop belonging to the family leguminaceae. It is grown as green manuring, green fodder and vegetable crop for human consumption since ancient times in India and Pakistan. Guar gum and its co-products are utilized in numerous industries like textile, paper, cosmetics, mining, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food processing, oil drilling, explosives, well drilling. Various use of the clusterbean makes it as an imperative component of cropping system of the area. Clusterbean crop deteriorate due to number of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases like Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis), vascular wilt (Fusarium moniliformae and Fusarium sp.), Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina), Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) and Alternaria blight (Alternaria cyamopsidis). On the other hand, the nationalized little regular production (480 kg/ha) of grain and fodder is mainly due to disease cause by various plant pathogens. Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas a. pv. cyamopsidis Patel) Vauterin is one of the majority severe diseases of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonloba L. Taub.). The pathogen is essentially internally seed borne in nature and provides primary inoculum for secondary spread. Bacterial blight of guar incited by X. axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis. In case of heavy infection, it is reported to cause 58-68 percent losses in grain yield so, keeping in view the destruction caused by the disease, many management strategies are needed to manage the disease as biological and chemical means helps a lot for it.
Estimation of horticultural traits in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) accessions of seedling origin from Ganderbal district of Kashmir valley
Thorough survey was conducted in five different villages of Ganderbal district in Kashmir valley and ninety threepersimmon accessions of seedling origin were marked to study the horticultural traits. The results revealed vast diversity among persimmon accessions, wherein plant height, plant spread, trunk girth and TCSA varied from 4.39 m to 7.83 m, 3.03 m to 5.97 m, 16.30 cm to 5.60 cm and 21.15 cm2 to 246.13 cm2 , respectively. Plant growth habit was classified as upright in 24 plants, drooping in 38 plants and spreading in 31 plants. Leaf area varied from 51.72 cm2 to 158.41 cm2 with leaf shape as elliptic (36 plants), obovate (13 plants) and ovate (44 plants). Duration of flowering ranged between 7.00 and 12.00, however fruit set varied from 53.01 percent to 77.86 percent. Fruit physical parameters revealed that fruit weight, fruit length and fruit breadth ranged between 48.41 g to 199.63 g, 52.31 mm to 84.57 mmand 38.29 mm to 77.61 mm, respectively, whereas fruit firmness varied from 6.94 lb/inch2 to 11.74 lb/inch2 . Fruit shape was observed as elliptic (36 plants), ovate (31 plants) and circular (26 plants). Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugars, ascorbic acid, tannins and astringency index varied from 12.0oB to 18.0oB, 0.12 percent to 0.38 percent, 8.30 percent to 13.90 percent, 25.37 mg/100 g to 31.83 mg/100g, 0.22 mg/g DW to 0.77 mg/g DW and 0.32 to 3.74, respectively. Number of seeds per fruit varied between 2.67 to 4.67.A vast variation was observed for all the studied parameters and on that basis elite/superior accessions were selected for further study and utilize in further breeding programs.
An overview of cultural, morphological and molecular variability in Rhizoctonia spp. causing Cotton root rot
Cotton is currently the leading plant fibre crop worldwide and is grown commercially in the temperate and tropical regions of more than 50 countries. During 2021-22, Haryana shares 6.47 area (lakh ha), 17.20 production (lakh bales of 170kg) with 452 kg/ha productivity. India is the largest country in world in terms of area under cotton is 133.50 lakh hectares which is 41% of the world cotton area. The cotton crop is grown extensively with a limiting factor, that is infected by fungal, bacterial and viral diseases like Anthracnose, Leaf blight, Wilt, Verticillium wilt, Ramularia leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot, Target Leaf Spot, Myrothecium Leaf Spot, Rust of Cotton, Root rot, Angular leaf spot, Bacterial blight, Cotton leaf curl disease and Tobacco streak virus (TSV) etc. Out of all the diseases, root rot of cotton is the most devastating disease and now days this disease has become a major limiting factor in cotton cultivation. Cultural variability is commonly expressed through differences in colony colour, texture, growth rate, mycelial density, sclerotial formation, and pattern of hyphal growth on various nutrient media. Morphological variability further distinguishes Rhizoctonia species and their populations, particularly in hyphal characteristics such as branching pattern at right angles, septation near the branch origin, hyphal width, and the size, shape, and distribution of sclerotia. Techniques such as ITS-rDNA sequencing, RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, and SSR markers have been widely employed to differentiate species, anastomosis groups, and genetically distinct populations. The integration of cultural, morphological, and molecular approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of variability in Rhizoctonia spp., which is essential for accurate identification, epidemiological studies, and the development of effective disease management strategies in cotton.
Stream Lit-Powered framework for Real-time network traffic monitoring with Python in Agriculture
Considering the escalating prevalence of cyber threats, data breaches and unauthorized access incidents, the implementation of real-time network monitoring has become imperative for the enhancement of cyber-security protocols in different sectors. The objective of this research was to strengthen cyber-security by delivering real-time traffic visualization with packet classification (TCP, UDP, ICMP) units and automated anomaly detection capacity. The integration of digital technologies in agriculture has increased the reliance on real-time data exchange for market intelligence, precision farming and value chain management. Thus the study developed a real-time network traffic monitoring dashboard utilizing Python and Streamlit, which effectively captures, analyzes and visualizes network traffic to facilitate improved threat detection. The methodology involved Network monitoring, analysis process, real time visualization, anomaly detection and logging which involved online real time monitoring and offline storage repository for archival and analysis where significant research deficiency is identified in the realms of scalability and adaptive anomaly detection. With the growing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, drones and cloud-based platforms, network traffic monitoring has become critical to ensure reliability, security and efficiency in agricultural operations. Leveraging open-source Python libraries, the framework provides a user-friendly dashboard with low computational overhead, making it accessible to rural and resourceconstrained settings. Results demonstrate the feasibility of real-time monitoring for enhancing data security, minimizing downtime and improving the resilience of digital agriculture systems. Moreover, the consoles architecture will be optimized to handle even the largest networks and highest traffic volumes ensuring it remains effective and efficient, even in the most demanding environments such as monitoring of agricultural value chains efficiency.
Enhancing Cotton yield and profitability with potassium releasing biofertilizers
A field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during kharif, 2023, to study the effect of potassium fertilizer doses and potassium releasing bacteria (KRB) on the growth, yield and economics of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was laidout in a randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice. The treatments include control (T1); RDF (T2); RDNP (T3); KRB (T4); RDF + KRB (T5); RDF +KNO3 1% (FA) at 60 DAS (T6); 75% RDK + KRB (T7); 75% RDK + KRB + KNO3 @ 1% (FA) at 60 DAS (T8); 50% RDK + KRB (T9) and 50% RDK + KRB + KNO3 @ 1% (FA) at 60 DAS (T10). The results revealed that the application of RDF + KRB + KNO3 1% (FA) at 60 DAS significantly influenced the yield parameters of the crop over rest of the treatments and found on a par with RDF + KRB. Whereas higher net returns and BCR (Rs. 1, 26, 711 ha-1 and 2.54, respectively) were observed with RDF + KRB.
Technological study of Paneer prepared from Cow, Buffalo, mixed and standardized milk
Paneer, an indigenous acid-heat coagulated fresh cheese, holds significant importance in Indian cuisine and the dairy industry as a primary protein source for vegetarian populations. This comprehensive study evaluated the technological parameters and quality characteristics of paneer prepared from four different types of milk: cow milk, buffalo milk, mixed milk (equal proportions of cow and buffalo), and standardized milk. The research aimed to determine the optimal milk source for paneer production by analyzing physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, yield efficiency, and nutritional composition. Fresh milk samples were subjected to detailed physical and chemical analyses. The results revealed distinct variations in milk composition that significantly influenced paneer characteristics. Buffalo milk showed the highest fat content, averaging 6.92%, compared tocow milk (3.41%), mixed milk (5.14%), and standardized milk (3.32%). Protein content ranged from 2.56% in mixed milk to 3.03% in standardized milk. These compositional differences led to notable variations in paneer quality and yield.Paneer made from buffalo milk exhibited the highest yield (17.56%) along with superior sensory properties, including a white appearance, smooth texture, and nutty-sweet flavor profile. Mixed milk paneer achieved a comparable yield (17.04%) with balanced sensory characteristics. Cow milk paneer yielded 16.21% and had a light-yellow color with a pleasant acidic taste. Standardized milk paneer, though lower in yield (14.14%), exhibited the highest total solids content (51.55%).Moisture content analysis showed significant differences across samples: cow milk paneer (59.23%), buffalo milk paneer (56.11%), mixed milk paneer (52.05%), and standardized milk paneer (48.16%). Fat content also varied, with standardized milk paneer containing the highest fat (24.09%), followed by mixed milk (24.04%), buffalo milk (23.05%), and cow milk (19.89%). Protein content remained relatively consistent across all variants, ranging from 18.33% to 20.03%. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (p<0.05) among all milk types for most quality parameters, validating the influence of milk composition on paneer characteristics.The findings indicate that milk type selection should depend on the intended applicationbuffalo milk for premium culinary use requiring superior taste and texture, standardized milk for commercial production demanding higher solids, mixed milk for balanced quality attributes, and cow milk for consumers preferring a lighter flavor profile.
Microalgae biomass feedstock as a smart cell factory for Biodiesel production via in situ Transesterification: A review
The present review intends to explore role and mechanisms of the integration and application of microalgal biomass feedstock in the biodiesel production process via direct (in situ) transesterification. Such focus on microalgae – as a third-generation feedstock rather than the usual and well-known feedstock belonging to the first- and second ones derives from the emerging and growing interest in investigating such a promising bioenergy source/option able to guarantee a fast growth rate in terms of annual biomass productivity and, at the same time, microalgae don‟t compromise the food plants supply chain, since their cultivation methods and systems don‟t require as much as land area as the conventional energy crops plants. In fact, microalgae can easily and effectively grow in photobioreactors and through other cultivation systems. In addition, microalgal feedstock can even guarantee CO2 sorption. The application of this type of feedstock in the biodiesel production process has been already demonstrated as a successfully alternative option specifically via direct (or in-situ) transesterification process. In parallel, biodiesel represents an alternative and sustainable substitute (bio) fuel to the petroleum-based fuel (diesel): biofuel strictly regulated by the European standard EN14214. Therefore, the present paper aims to examine and report the emerging advances on role and mechanisms of the microalgae-biodiesel relationships in terms of biofuel production and, consequently, on some challenges as well. In this regard, some challenges were outlined in order to place the present review in an operationally usable context and, last but not least, with a view towards ever-increasing sustainability and future improvements.
Locating disease hotspots in Tea fields using Geo-referenced aerial imagery
Clustering techniques serve a function in spatial analysis in detecting disease-affected regions via geographic information. In this research, large-scale images are obtained from drones and segmented into small tiles, from which geospatial coordinates are extracted and processed with clustering methods. The aim is to enhance pesticide application in tea estates, specifically in terms of controlling the Tea Mosquito Bug (TMB), hence boosting efficiency in pest management and lowering operational expenses. Four clustering methods-K-means, KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise), and OPTICS (Ordering Points to Identify the Clustering Structure) are compared on latitude–longitude coordinates extracted from infected regions. Their effectiveness is quantified using Silhouette scores and DaviesBouldin Index (DBI), which assess clustering quality and disease density representation. KNN yields notable accuracy (Silhouette: 0.42, DBI: 0.61), making it useful for hotspot identification, whereas DBSCAN and OPTICS show weaker results due to variations in disease density. A hybrid strategy integrating KNN for proximity-based pre-clustering followed by K-means refinement significantly improves performance compared to standalone methods. Traditional K-means alone achieves a Silhouette score of 0.53 and DBI of 0.63, while the hybrid KNN–K-means method enhances results considerably (Silhouette: 0.83, DBI: 0.31). These findings demonstrate that hybrid clustering provides a more precise spatial representation of disease hotspots, offering a reliable solution for targeted pest management. The study emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate algorithms in geospatial analysis to ensure accurate disease mapping in agricultural applications.
Antioxidant and bioactive properties of the various solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) cultivated in the Gulf of Mannar coast
The aim of the present study is to evaluate various solvent’s efficiency in extraction (aqueous, 40% ethanol, 60% ethanol, and 80% ethanol) for FTIR, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH antioxidant activity, and bioactive properties. The FTIR analysis in the seaweed extracts confirms the presence of polyphenols and flavonoid content and it was predominant in the ethanolic extract. The total phenolic content ranges from 9.87 ± 0.073 -12.82 ± 0.067 mg of GAE.g -1 . Generally, ethanolic extract (E60) showed enhanced phenolic content, flavonoid content (4.44 ± 0.07 mg of QE.g -1), DPPH assay (IC50 6.50 ± 0.07mg.ml-1 ). The best solvent extract (E60) was selected and possesses significant antidiabetic properties as identified by α-Amylase (IC50 0.089 ± 0.01 mg/ml), α-glucosidase (IC50 0.085 ± 0.01 mg/ml), and anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 0.10 ± 0.01 mg /ml). The MTT assay using E60 seaweed extract (0.5 - 2.5mg/ml) conducted against MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells showed maximum inhibition activity of 65.75% and 34.3% respectively. The present findings highlighted that E60 solvent is used for obtaining antioxidant-rich extracts and bioactive properties.
Survey on the occurrence of Sugarcane diseases in Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh
Sugarcane crop production and quality highly influenced by the diseases. Management of diseases is possible through many ways. Among, the management practices, epidemiology plays an initial role. Occurrence, factors influencing epidemics and its spread through regular and systematic surveys form the foundation of effective plant health management, ensuring sustainable agricultural production and food security. Survey for the occurrence of sugarcane diseases in Krishna Zone during 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24 was conducted. Red rot, smut and wilt were observed in severe incidences in ratoon crop where susceptible varieties grown. Yellow leaf disease, Mosaic, top rot and all foliar diseases also observed in sporadic patches.
Estimation of lactation persistency of third lactation in various grades of Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbred Cows
Milk yield is an important trait in dairy industry; thus, information regarding this phenotype is essential to measure the productivity of a farm. This article aims to estimate the persistency of milk yield between lactation 1 and 2 in various grades of ½ Jersey × ½ Red Sindhi, ¼ Jersey × ¾ Red Sindhi, 3/8 Jersey × 5/8 Red Sindhi, 1/8 Jersey ×7/8 Red Sindhi crossbred of cows. Data was collected from pedigree cum history sheet. Milk yield from the third L3 lactations of 83 cows and 498 observations of various grades of Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbred cows were recorded in kilograms. Samples were collected up to six months. The mean of milk yield for six months in 182.54±5.40 kg of ½ Jersey × ½ Red Sindhi crosses, 172.25±3.27 Kg of ¼ Jersey × ¾ Red Sindhi crosses,160.49±5.23 kg of 3/8 Jersey × 5/8 Red Sindhi crosses, 170.20±3.92 kg of 1/8 Jersey ×7/8 Red Sindhi crosses. The peak of milk yields was achieved at the second month of the lactation for L3 were 170.24- 228.02 Kg of 3/8 Jersey × 5/8 Red Sindhi crosses, 142.32-283.99 kg, 156.53-260.63 kg and 172.41-334.16 Kg of 1/8 Jersey ×7/8 Red Sindhi crosses. The persistency of milk yield for L3 were 2.10±0.09 of ½ Jersey × ½ Red Sindhi crosses, 1.97 ± 0.07 of ¼ Jersey × ¾ Red Sindhi crosses, 2.22±0.09 of 3/8 Jersey × 5/8 Red Sindhi crosses, 2.07±0.06 of 1/8 Jersey ×7/8 Red Sindhi crosses. Milk yield persistency is the ability of animal to maintain milk production after reaching its peak yield during lactation period. The more persistent dairy cattle show better performance. The present study concluded that persistency of cows could be useful in selecting those have the higher estimates in order to improve the productivity of the herds.
Invasive Alien species are a major threat to biodiversity of flora in Sunabeda wildlife sanctuary
Invasive alien species are a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystems of Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary. It is located in the Nuapada district of Odisha, adjoining Chhattisgarh containing 600 km2. Biological Invasions will inform scientists, policymakers, and the public on the solemnity of non-native species invasions that cause extinction as well as significant influence on the earth’s ecosystems, have greatly increased in recent years due to expanding trade and convey among different countries. Conservation for Biological Diversity (1992) visualize biological invasion of alien species as the second worst threat after habitat eradication. It may be considered as a form of biological pollution and significant components on human caused global environmental change and one of the major causes of species extinction. A recent study has reported the occurrence of 256 alien species in Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary. Out of 1,599 alien plant species belonging to 841 genera in 161 families in India. More than one-third (35%) of the total alien flora of India has its origin in the South American continent. Most South American species come from Mexico and Brazil. Particularly analyzing the native ranges of 225 invasive species, more than half (52%) is from South America. The contribution of other continents is as follows: Africa (16%), Asia (16%), Europe (9%), North America (4%), Australia (2%) and cryptogenic (1%). This availability of data on invasive alien plant species will contribute to the larger goal of setting healthy Global Biodiversity Targets and Indicators, with far-reaching policy implications for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary.
Comparative evaluation of HPLC method and acetyl acetone method in determination of formaldehyde in Fish
The fish and shellfish are the highly perishable food commodity. Formaldehyde is used by fishermen and fish vendors to preserve the freshness and quality of fish and seafood. The present study was conducted to compare the reliability of the quantitative methods for determination of formaldehyde content in fish. The methods selected were colorimetric analysis by using Nash reagent in UV-Vis spectrophotometer and chromatographic detection using Dinitrophenyl hydrazine in High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that both the methods were highly specific without any interference from the reagent blank and fish matrix in formaldehyde determination. The standard curve of formaldehyde by the HPLC method was linear in the range of 0 - 0.1 µg/ml (R2 =0.9995). The Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) for matrix free calibration were 0.0004 µg/ml and 0.0012 µg/ml and for fish were 0.020 µg/g and 0.060 µg/g respectively. Accuracy was 92.63 ±4.60% and repeatability with Relative standard deviation (RSD %) were ranging from 1.77% to 4.29%. The linear range of formaldehyde by the spectrophotometric method was 0-50 µg/ml (R2=0.9988), and the LOD and LOQ for matrix free calibration were 0.55µg/ml and 1.6µg/ml whereas for fish were 27.5 µg/g and 80 µ/g respectively Accuracy was 83.67± 5.60% and repeatability with Relative standard deviation(RSD %) were ranging from 2.66% to 6.89%.Both HPLC and UV detection methods can be used for quantitative analysis of formaldehyde in fish, and the major advantages of HPLC are that it is quick, simple and sensitive.
Research frontiers in land use change: A bibliometric study of trends and collaborative networks (2000-2023)
Land use and land cover (LULC) change has emerged as a key focus in global environmental studies because of its strong links with urban growth, climate variability, agricultural shifts, and sustainability issues. In this study, we carry out a bibliometric analysis to explore research trends, collaboration patterns, and emerging themes in land use change literature between 2000 and 2023. The analysis reveals a steady increase in LULC research, with exponential growth in publications since 2017. Research has evolved from basic land cover classification to integrative studies involving climate models, socio-economic impacts, and predictive simulations. The United States and China lead in research contributions, with major institutions like Harvard, Stanford, and Texas A&M forming global hubs of collaboration. Emerging research themes include climate change mitigation, sustainable land management, scenario-based predictions, and policydriven land system science. Keywords such as urban expansion, remote sensing and climate resilience frequently co-occur, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the field. Overall, this study offers a systematic overview of how land use research has evolved and where it is heading, underscoring the urgent need for integrated approaches to tackle environmental and policy challenges in an increasingly dynamic global context.
Effect of organic nutrient inputs on quality of Brinjal var. Pusa Shyamala
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture farm, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur during Kharif season in two consecutive years 2022-23 and 2023-24. The experiment was made up of the thirteen treatments of different combination of organic nutrient inputs. Results showed that among different organic nutrient inputs maximum pooled value of TSS (i.e. 5.31 0Brix), β –carotene (i.e. 37.92 µg per 100 g) and ascorbic acid (i.e. 14.78 mg/100 g) were recorded significant under T8 treatment (i.e. ½ RDN through FYM + ½ RDN through Poultry manure + 10% Vermiwash (at 30 and 60 DAT) while, the lowest TSS (i.e. 4.26 0Brix), β –carotene (i.e. 29.72 µg per 100 g) and ascorbic acid (i.e. 9.96 mg/100 g) were recorded under T1 treatment (i.e. control). Maximum value T8 treatment (i.e. ½ RDN through FYM + ½ RDN through poultry manure + 10% Vermiwash (at 30 and 60 DAT) as compare to all other treatments.
Physio-chemical traits of Kinnow squash blended with Beetroot and Carrot
An experiment entitled “Physico-chemical traits of Kinnow squash blended with beetroot and carrot” was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, FOAG, Tantia University, Sriganganagar (Rajasthan) during the month of January - April, 2025. The experiment consisted of different treatments comprising of different blending proportions of Kinnow juice with beetroot and carrot juice having 25 percent juice, 45 percent TSS and 1 percent acidity with addition of spices mix containing black salt (10g), black pepper (5g), Cardamom powder (5 g) per liter of squash. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD). Among different combinations, blending Kinnow juice with carrot juice in 75:25 ratio (T4) was found superior with respect to sugars content (total sugars 45.01, Reducing sugars 6.28, Non-reducing sugars 30.15). While from the point of view of TSS (48.62) content, squash prepared by blending Kinnow and beetroot juice in 50: 50 ratio (T3) was found superior. Whereas, Acidity (0.98) found highest in Kinnow and beetroot juice in 75: 25 ratio (T2) and pH (5.04) were highest in Kinnow and carrot juice in 50: 50 ratios (T5). During 4 months storage of squash, a gradual decrease was observed in acidity, while an increase was observed in TSS, sugars and pH.
Effect of vermicompost and fly ash on vegetative growth parameters of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuous)
An experiment entitled “Effect of vermicompost and fly ash on vegetative growth parameters of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)” conducted during April to October 2024, at the Agriculture Research Farm (ARC-2) FOAG, Tantia University, Srigangangar, Rajasthan. The experiment was carried out in Randomized block design with three replication and 7 treatments as T1 100% vermicompost, T2 100% fly ash, T3 50% vermicompost + 50% fly ash, T4 25% vermicompost + 75% fly ash, T5 75% vermicompost + 25%fly ash, T6 RDF, T7 control. The result of experiment indicated that vegetative growth of lemongrass like plant height at 60 DAT (81.00cm) found in T5 highest and minimum (54.00cm) in T7, highest plant height at 120 DAT (120.67cm) in T5 and lowest (87.00) in T7, maximum plant spread (51cm2 ) in T5 and lowest (29.67cm2 ) in T7, maximum no. of leaves/ plant at 60 DAT (45.67) in T5 and lowest (14) in T7, maximum no. of leaves/ plant at 120 DAT (128.67) and minimum (77.33) in T7, maximum no. of tillers/ plant (33.67) in T5 and minimum (12.00) in T7, maximum leaf length at 60 DAT (75cm), minimum in T7 (48.67cm), maximum leaf length at 120 DAT (134.00cm) in T5 and minimum (92.00cm) in T7. So according to all findings T5 is best option for organic lemongrass production.
Effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
A field experiment was performed during 2024-2025 to find out the effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of brinjal. The results revealed that maximum plant height at 60 DAT and 90 DAT (32.01 cm and 48.50 cm, respectively), number of leaves per plant at 60 DAT and 90 DAT (19.81 and 36.28, respectively), number of branches per plant at final harvest (12.87) and minimum days taken to flower initiation (61.65) was obtained with application of 100 percent RDN through vermicompost, Jeevamrit 500 litre ha1 and Panchagavya 10 percent. Among yield parameters, maximum yield per plant (0.68 kg) and yield per plot (16.28 kg) were also obtained with application of 100 percent RDN through vermicompost, Jeevamrit 500 litre ha-1 and Panchagavya 10 percent.
Effect of nitrogen levels on growth and yield of different varieties of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
A field experiment entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels on growth and yield of different varieties of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)” was conducted at School of Agricultural Sciences, JRNRVU, Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan during the Rabi season 2023-24. The experiment consisted of three varieties (RVSAF-18-1, JSF-99, JSF-97) and four nitrogen levels (0, 30, 45, and 60 kg ha⁻¹). The 12 treatment combinations were evaluated under a randomized block design with 3 replications. The results revealed that the highest yield of 2451 kg.ha-1 was obtained with variety RVSAF-18-1 which was significantly higher over variety JSF-97 and JSF-99 by 28.3 and 173.5 per cent, respectively. Similar trends were observed with respect to stover and biological yield. The highest oil content and yield net return (₹ 116168/-) and B-C (4.3) was also noticed in variety RVSAF-18-1. The highest yield of 2074 kg.ha-1 was obtained with the application of 60 kg N ha-1 which was significantly higher over control and 30 kg N ha-1 by 69.8 and 23.6 per cent, respectively but was at par with 45 kg N ha-1 (2038 kg.ha-1) Similar were the trendsobserved with respect to stover and biological yield. Application of 60 kg N ha-1 also registered maximum oil content (33.4%), oil yield (722.5% kg.ha-1), net return (₹ 92486 ha-1) and B-C (3.61) which were at par with 45 kg N ha-1.
Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and productivity of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth and Productivity of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)” was conducted during Kharif season of 2024 at the School of Agricultural Sciences, Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The experiment was conducted on clay loam soil, which was low in available N, medium in P2O5 and high in K2O. The experiment was consisted of twelve treatment combinations. Nitrogen levels (control, 20, 40 and 60 kg N ha-1) and Phosphorus levels (control, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) and these were replicated three times in Factorial Randomized Block Design. The results revealed that application of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly influenced growth parameters such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of tillers and leaf area. Yield attributes including number of effective tillers, panicle length, grain weight per panicle, and test weight were also significantly improved with increasing nutrient levels. The highest grain (1931 kg ha-1), straw (2745 kg ha-1), biological yield (4677 kg ha-1) and net return (₹71647 ha⁻¹) were obtained with 60 kg N ha⁻¹, while 40 kg Pha⁻¹ recorded the highest grain yield (1897 kg ha⁻¹) and net return (₹69015 ha⁻¹). Economic analysis indicated a progressive increase in benefit-cost ratio with higher nitrogen and phosphorus doses.
Effect of Conjoint application of phosphorus and Nano DAP on growth and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.)
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Conjoint application of phosphorus and Nano DAP on growth and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.)”was conducted during Kharif, 2024 at Instructional Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Dabok, Udaipur, Rajasthan to find out the effect of nano DAP on growth and yield of black gram, to explore whether application of nano DAP can fulfill the recommended dose of phosphorus and to work out an economically viable treatment. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments including viz.T1 (control), T2 (100% RDP), T3 (50% RDP), T4 (75% RDP), T5 (50% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray), T6 (50% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray) and T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) which were evaluated under randomized block design with 3 replications. Black gram variety PU 31 was used as test crop. The results revealed that maximum values of growth attributes viz., dry matter accumulation at 30 DAS was recorded with T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray) and T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) but at 60 DAS and at harvest it was recorded with T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 two sprays) and T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray), while maximum values of CGR between 30-60 DAS was recorded with T2 (100% RDP) and between 60 DAS to harvest it was recorded highest with T7 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4ml l-1 one spray). Treatment T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4 ml l-1 two sprays) recorded significantly higher grain (588 kg ha-1 ), haulm (1625 kg ha-1 ) and biological (2213 kg ha-1 ) over control and T4 (75 % RDP) but at par with T2 (100% RDP). However, T2 (100% RDP) fetched highest net return (₹31048 ha-1 ) and highest B-C ratio (0.89), which significantly superior over T8 (75% RDP + nano DAP 4 ml l-1 two spray).
Overview impact of high-pressure processing and plasma technology on Dairy products
The safety of food products and uncertain about food production practices specialty in the case of dairy products has increased the concern of consumers. Milk is considered as nutritious food product with short life due to spoilage bacteria present in it. This has increased the demand for milk processing to ensure safety. Although many enzymes and microorganisms are effectively rendered inactive by thermal processing techniques to the desired degree, this can harm natural taste of dairy foods and nutritional content. Alternative non-thermal methods have gained attention as a fascinating approach to producing secure, healthy dairy products without compromising their nutritional value. These techniques can deactivate milk microbes without degrading the nutritive quality of dairy products. The present study gives an overview of High-Pressure Processing and Plasma Technology that extend the shelf life with preserving the nutritional quality of dairy products. The present study may be helpful to prospective processors in assessing the successful commercialization of non-thermal processed milk and milk products.
Influence of profile characteristics on performance appraisal of Agricultural input dealers
The research study was conducted in Pune district of Maharashtra state during the year 2024-25 with an objective to study influence of the profile characteristics on performance appraisal of agricultural input dealers trained under Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI) programme. Pune district was selected based on highest number of DAESI-trained input dealers and Nodal Training Institutes. All eight institutes from Pune district were studied, with 15 respondents from each institute selected through simple random sampling, totalling 120 respondents. An ex-post facto research design was used for research. The data was collected using a structured interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that the independent variables viz. annual income, mass media exposure, extension participation, achievement motivation, management orientation, scientific orientation and risk orientation had positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of significance whereas education and extension contact had positive and significant relationship at five per cent level of significance. While, age had positive and non-significant relationship with performance appraisal of agricultural input dealers.
Influence of silicon on growth parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
The present investigation entitled “Influence of silicon on growth parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)” was conducted on Horticulture Farm, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The thirteen treatments combination for pea crop was evaluated with four replications under randomized block design. The results exhibit the significant effect of various treatment combinations on growth parameters of pea during the experimentation. Maximum plant height at 60 DAS (52.80 cm) and at final harvest (89.90 cm), pod length (8.54 cm), number of pods plant-1 (27.05), number of grains pod-1 (8.80) were obtained in treatment T12 (Soil application of Silica @ 200 kg ha-1+ Foliar application of Silica @ 3%).
Heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression for yield and agronomic traits in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.) across two environments
The four genetically diverse parental lines were crossed with well-adapted released varieties to generate promising hybrids. The results demonstrated significant variability in heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression across different crosses and two environments (E1 and E2). In PR 36 × Rohini, seed yield per plant exhibited negative heterobeltiosis (-12.37% in E1 and -16.55% in E2), suggesting hybrid weakness. However, traits like siliquae per plant (19.51%) and number of seeds per siliqua (4.65%) showed positive heterobeltiosis, indicating genetic potential for selection. Inbreeding depression was notably high for plant height (4.10%) and seed yield (19.77%) in E2, suggesting genetic instability. In PRE 11 × CS 60, moderate to high heterobeltiosis was observed for the number of secondary branches per plant (10.52%) and siliquae per plant (29.37%) in E2. However, seed yield per plant (-16.29%) exhibited negative heterobeltiosis, and inbreeding depression was significantly high (-28.61%) in E1, indicating a strong impact of selfing on yield- related traits. PRE 15 × CS 58 exhibited high heterobeltiosis in siliqua length (36.36%) and seeds per siliqua (9.30%), indicating a high genetic potential for selection. However, seed yield per plant showed negative heterobeltiosis (-8.87% in E1, -1.07% in E2), and inbreeding depression was notable for seed yield (12.94%) and plant height (5.72%), emphasizing the need for hybrid stabilization. PRL 26 × Giriraj showed negative heterobeltiosis in days to flowering and plant height, but positive heterosis for siliquae per plant (3.59%) and seed yield per plant (6.18%) in E2. The highest inbreeding depression was observed for seed yield (-35.18%) in E1, indicating genetic susceptibility to selfing.
Constraints faced by Agricultural input dealers trained under Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI) programme
The present study was carried out in Pune district of Maharashtra state in the year 2024-25. This district was selected because it has the maximum number of Nodal Training Institute and DAESI trained agricultural input dealers. There are 8 Nodal Training institute in Pune district which provide DAESI training. So, all 8 Nodal Training Institutes were selected for study and from each Nodal Training Institute 15 input dealers were selected by using simple random sampling method thus the total sample comprised of 120 respondents. An ex-post facto research design was used for research. A structured interview schedule was used to gather the required data. The findings revealed that major constraints reported by the agricultural input dealers were course curriculum of DAESI not include latest technology in agriculture such as drone, AI, etc., limited number of field visits are organized to various institutions and less no of skill based practical sessions. Important suggestions made by the agricultural input dealers were number of field visits should be increased, course curriculum of DAESI should be updated with latest technology in agriculture such as drone, AI, etc., refresher training should be provided to DAESI input dealers and skill based practical sessions should be increased..