Different diseases and insect pathogens in Cajanus cajan that causes economic loses: A review

Cajanus cajan is a very important legume crop, it is used as both food crop and forage crop. Pigeon pea is grown in rainy season (July-October) and post rainy (November January) season and is successfully grown in black cotton soil with temperature ranging from 20˚C to 26˚C and pH 7-8.5. More than 80% of Pigeon pea is produced in 6 major states of India namely Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. The various parts of plant contain many components like the root bark contain flavanoids (cjaflavanone, cajanone and triterpenes), leaves can be used against respiratory condition like bronchitis and cough, flowers and leaves is diuretic and is used as diabetes remedy etc. There are some major pest of pigeon pea which attack during different stages of growth like firstly Pod Borers- its infestation starts within 90days after sowing, the female lays yellowish colour eggs which feed on leaves in starting and later on pods resulting in makings small holes in pods and as the time passes the larva changes its colour, to prevent the crop from damage we can Spray it with fenvalerate (e.g. Fenfen) or cypermethrin (e.g. Ripcord or Cymbush) etc. Secondly comes Tur Pod Fly it is a small black colour fly which lay eggs on the immature pods and after the larva is fully grows it tends to damage the wall of pods, it remains unnoticed to the farmer until it is fully grown therefore, to prevent the crop from getting damage we can Spray Quinalphos 25 EC or Phenthoate 50 EC at 50 % flowering stage and after 10 - 15 days neem seed kernel extract should be used. And then Plume Moth, the adult moth is small and slender in shape with wings greyish in colour whereas, the larva stage is greenish – brown in colour with hair and spine projection, it lays minute eggs on the shoots or pods. We can control it by dusting 4 per cent or emulsion of phosalone 0.07 per cent or Endosulfan 0.07 % or Dusting of Endosulfan 4% or corboryl 10% 0r dust at 25 kg/ha once at initiation of flowering. Lastly comes Diseases like Sterility mosaic disease and wilt, these two indicates late symptoms and damage the leaves by changing its colour and changing the colour of stem. This review gives a brief review about the different diseases and insect pathogens in Cajanus cajan present during the growth stages.

Cajanus cajan also known as Adhaki, Arhar, Pigeon pea or Tur which comes under the family fabaceae. General names are congo pea, red gram, gungo pea. Cultivation of arhar is started from long back of more than 1000yaers ago. The origin is Asia, from where it exports to East Africa and through trade to the American continent. Plant is branched, erect and hairy like shrub with height range from 1 to 2 m high with three leaflets, the leaves are oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate and flowers are yellow in colour and are 1.5 cm in length. Hairy pod with two to seven seeds and a length of 4 to 7 cm and a width of 1 cm. India is one of the world's largest producers of pigeon peas, accounting for about 90% of global production. It currently covers 3.85 million hectares and produces roughly 2.68 million tonnes per year.

Refbacks

Ambasta, S. P. (2004) 4th ed. New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication, The useful plants of India, pp: 94–95. Bekele-Tessema A. (2007) Profitable agroforestry innovations for eastern Africa: experience from 10 agroclimatic zones of Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Eastern Africa Region. Bhatia, V. S., Singh, P., Wani, S. P., Kesava, Rao, A. V. R., Srinivas, K. (2006) Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru, India, Yield Gap Analysis of Soybean, Groundnut, Pigeonpea and Chickpea in India Using Simulation Modeling. Global Theme on Agro-ecosystems, Report no. 31, pp: 156. Ecocrop (2016) Ecocrop database, FAO, Rome, Italy. Ghanekar, A. M, Sheila, V. K., Beniwal, S. P. S., Reddy, M. V., Nene, Y. L. (1992) Sterility mosaic of pigeonpea in Plant diseases of International importance, Diseases of cereals and pulses, 1: 415 428. Kumar, H., Bajpai, V. K., Dubey, R. C., Maheshwari Kang, S. C. (2010) Wilt disease management and enhancement of growth and yield of C. cajan by bacterial combinations amended with chemical fertilizers, Crop Prot., 29: 591–598. Mallikarjuna, N., Saxena, K. B., Jadhav, D. R., (2011) Cajanus, in: Chittaranjan Kole (Ed.). Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources- legume crops and forages, Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Mula, M. G., Saxena, K. B. (2010) Lifting the Level of Awareness on Pigeonpeaa Global Perspective, Patancheru: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Patange, N. R., Chiranjeevi, B. (2017) Bioefficacy of newer insecticides against pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) pod borers, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7-5(3): 28-31. Reddy, M. V., Raju, T. N, Sharma, S. B. Nene, Y. L., McDonald, D. (1993) Handbook of Pigeonpea Diseases, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Sardana, S., Singh, M., Sharma, S. K., Rajan, N. (2011) Plant genetic resources and conservation of biodiversity, In: Biology and breeding of food legumes (Pratap A, Kumar J eds.), CAB International, UK, pp: 362-375. Saxena, K. B. (2008) Genetic Improvement of Pigeonpea a review, Tropical Plant Biology, 1: 159 178. Saxena, R. K., Von Wettberg, E., Upadhyaya, H. D., Sanchez, V., Songok, S., Saxena, K. (2014) Genetic diversity and demographic history of Cajanus spp. illustrated from ONE 9:e88568. genome-wide SNPs, PLoS Sharma, S. B., Smith, D. H., McDonald, D. (1992) Nematode constraints of chickpea and pigeonpea in the semi-arid tropics, Plant Disease, 76: 868-874. Sharma, H. C., Sujana, G., Manohar, Rao, G. (2009) Morphological and chemical components of resistance to pod borers, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeon pea, Arthropod- Plant Interaction, 3: 151-161. Srinivasa, Rao M., Dammua, M., Sengottaiyanb, V., Ongolua, S., Khadar, Biradar, A., Rao, Kondrua, V., Karlapudi, S., Raju Bellapukondaa, M. K, Rao Anantha Chitiprolua, R., Rao Cherukumalli, S., (2016) Prediction of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner on pigeonpea during future climate change periods using MarkSim multimodel data, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 228-229: 130-138. Van der Maesen, L. J. G. (1989) Cajanus cajan (L.) Record from Proteabase, van der Maesen, L. J. G. & Somaatmadja, S. (Eds), PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Varshney, R. K., Penmetsa, R. V., Dutta, S., Kulwal, P. L., Saxena, R. K., Datta, S. (2010) Pigeonpea genomics initiative (PGI): an International effort to improve crop productivity of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), Mol. Breed., 26: 393–408. Vavilov, N. I. (1951) The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants: Selected Writings, Waltham: Chronica Botanica Company.